This paper introduced a design of a heat exchanger to get an optimum heat transfer enhancement technique that can be used for the production of lanthanum oxide (La2O3). The shell and tube type was selected since this type is one of the effective types for making excellent heat transfer, which was then compared to the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) standard to obtain the dimensional specifications of the heat exchanger device. Several parameters were calculated to evaluate the performance of the designed heat exchanger. Numerical calculation obtained from the heat exchanger containing 138 tubes can be used to maintain the temperature in the reactor (prospective temperature can change from 40 to 60℃ with rapid heating) using heating liquid (controlling by transferring heat from 100 to 70℃) with the effective value of 96%. This study can be used as a reference for supporting information in the current issue of the need for the large production of La2O3 particles.
Biodiesel is one of the solutions to future energy problems. One of the abundant biodiesel raw materials in Indonesia is soybean. This study aims to optimize the yield of biodiesel made from soybean oil by selecting the reactor design. This research method uses literature study and thermodynamic calculations from the transesterification reaction of soybean oil and methanol using a MgO catalyst to determine which type of reactor optimizes biodiesel yield. The type of reactor that can help optimize the yield of MgO biodiesel catalyst is a fluidized bed reactor type with an exothermic reaction and a negative Hf value. There is a higher product concentration than the reaction concentration in the scene because the rate constant is higher than one (K > 1), i.e. 1.312. The results of this study are expected to provide information in optimizing the yield of biodiesel from soybean oil.
Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles are widely applied in various fields and have the potential to be made on a fabrication scope. As a consequence, feasibility studies for generating industries for La2O3 production are required, particularly in developing countries. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and investigate the prospect of the production of La2O3 nanoparticles. This study was carried out to determine whether large-scale La2O3 production using solution combustion (SC) and hydrothermal supercritical water conditions (HSWC) is profitable or not. The analysis method was evaluated based on economic evaluation parameters such as gross profit margin, payback period, and cumulative net present value, while also taking technical aspects into account by designing commercial tools. An economic evaluation was made based on estimates of ideal conditions, such as tax increases, changes in raw materials, sales, workers' salaries, and utility costs. The results of the analysis show that the best method, and has great advantages, was the HSWC method. Based on an engineering perspective, this method produces 4.08 tons of La2O3 in 20 years of production. This study is expected to provide information on the production of La2O3 nanoparticles by comparing the solution combustion method and hydrothermal supercritical water conditions on an industrial scale.
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