Usnea misaminensis is an epiphytic medicinal plant from Indonesia that has several benefits, one of which is as an anti-inflammatory. This study aims to predict the ability of three compounds from Usnea misaminensis to inhibit the COX-2 enzyme as a source of prostaglandins using molecular docking. Receptors obtained from RSCB with PDB ID:5IKR were then prepared on UCSF Chimera 1.16 and the ligands (usnic acid, salizinic acid, and evernic acid) were downloaded 2D structure in .pdbqt format from PubChem. Docking simulation is done via AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 embedded in AutoDockTools 1.5.7. The docking results are visualized using PyMOL 2.5.2 and Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer. Evernic acid showed binding energy (-6.8 kcal/mol) to the COX-2 receptor which was close to the binding energy value of the control ligand. Usnic acid and salazinic acid showed interactions with the same SER530 residue as the reference ligand. Compounds containing anti-inflammatory effects have the lowest binding energy and bind to residues as reference ligands. These results indicate that the compounds from Usnea misaminensis have potential as anti-inflammatory agents, but further research is needed to examine the potential anti-inflammatory activities.
Biodiesel is one of the solutions to future energy problems. One of the abundant biodiesel raw materials in Indonesia is soybean. This study aims to optimize the yield of biodiesel made from soybean oil by selecting the reactor design. This research method uses literature study and thermodynamic calculations from the transesterification reaction of soybean oil and methanol using a MgO catalyst to determine which type of reactor optimizes biodiesel yield. The type of reactor that can help optimize the yield of MgO biodiesel catalyst is a fluidized bed reactor type with an exothermic reaction and a negative Hf value. There is a higher product concentration than the reaction concentration in the scene because the rate constant is higher than one (K > 1), i.e. 1.312. The results of this study are expected to provide information in optimizing the yield of biodiesel from soybean oil.
Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles are widely applied in various fields and have the potential to be made on a fabrication scope. As a consequence, feasibility studies for generating industries for La2O3 production are required, particularly in developing countries. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and investigate the prospect of the production of La2O3 nanoparticles. This study was carried out to determine whether large-scale La2O3 production using solution combustion (SC) and hydrothermal supercritical water conditions (HSWC) is profitable or not. The analysis method was evaluated based on economic evaluation parameters such as gross profit margin, payback period, and cumulative net present value, while also taking technical aspects into account by designing commercial tools. An economic evaluation was made based on estimates of ideal conditions, such as tax increases, changes in raw materials, sales, workers' salaries, and utility costs. The results of the analysis show that the best method, and has great advantages, was the HSWC method. Based on an engineering perspective, this method produces 4.08 tons of La2O3 in 20 years of production. This study is expected to provide information on the production of La2O3 nanoparticles by comparing the solution combustion method and hydrothermal supercritical water conditions on an industrial scale.
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