The article presents new design solutions used to remove the apical shoots of potatoes in order to increase the photosynthetic activity of plants due to the development of lateral shoots and increase the total leaf surface. Removal of plant tops on potatoes is carried out in the period of 14…20 days after germination. This leads to an increase in the yield on different varieties by about 6.6-16.3 % compared to the control (variety Luck 16.3 %, variety: Red Scarlet is 9.2 %, grade Aurora 6.6 %). A mechanized device for removing potato plant tops has been developed. Therefore, the justification of the parameters and modes of operation is important and relevant to ensure quality removal of potato tops. The incision should be clear without any breakdowns, as the damage through which pathogens can penetrate, especially viral diseases that are transmitted by contact, increases. The calculations allowed to establish the correct shape of the cutting knife, their number, as well as the cut angle of the cutting disc, which allows you to perform a quality cut. The data obtained allow us to conclude that to ensure high-quality and reliable cutting of potato shoots during decapitation, a cutting rotor with three knives should be used, rotating at a frequency of 1200 min -1 , having an external diameter of the cutting edges of at least 0.35 m, the length blade with the specified rotor parameters will be about 0.04 m.
In the Moscoww region, frosts are quite probable to return until the fi rst decade of June. To protect potatoes from the returning cold weather, it is possible to use a temporary covering material in the “planting – seedling emergence” period. The authors have studied the use of covering materials on early potato varieties of Udacha, Zhukovsky early, Red Scarlet, Snegir’, and Meteor. Studies have been conducted on the test plot of the Vegetable Growing Department of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 2017-2019. Non-woven white and black material of the same density of 17 g/m2 was used for covering. No covering was used in the check variant. The cultivation technology was standard,it included tillage (plowing, spring tillage, and cutting ridges before planting), as well as plant care (inter-row cultivation and hilling-up). Planting was carried out with a single-row potato planter. The earliest emergence of seedlings was observed under white covering material with a diff erence of 5-6 days in relation to the check variant. In the variant with a black covering material, the diff erence averaged 3-4 days. Due to covering, planting was carried out earlier than expected and the crop was formed by July 15. The interphase period between potato planting and seddling emergence decreased, while that from seddling emergence to harvesting increased, consequently, the yield increased by 11.6…14.7%. The maximum yield was obtained with the Red Scarlet variety using the white covering material, the minimum – in the check variant without covering. The same trend is typical for other varieties. It has been established that covering with any material has a positive eff ect on the duration of the potato growing season and the yield by increasing the period of tuberization. Covering allows getting early potato varieties 2 weeks earlier in the Moscow region.
Climate change is one of the world's modern challenges. Climate warming for Russia carries certain risks, but also gives some advantages -the ability to cultivate early potatoes in a two-crop culture in the third light zone, i.e. cultivation of two crops in one growing season. This is confirmed by agroclimatic data presented by the V.A. Meteorological Observatory V.A. Michelson. An increase in the sum of active temperatures above 10 º C over the past 30 years, an increase in the duration of the growing season due to an earlier start of the growing season and its later end, were noted. Moisture resources are in sufficient quantity. The studies were conducted on the site of the department "Olericulture ", Timiryazev Academy in 2018 ... 19. The first planting was carried out in early May, the harvesting took place on July 15, and on the same day the second planting of last year's tubers, which were harvested on September 20, was carried out. The early varieties were used: Luck, Meteor, Zhukovsky early, Bullfinch, Red Scarlet. As a result of the research, two harvests of ecologically clean standard products of early ripening varieties with good taste and nutritional qualities were obtained. The minimum average weight from 1 bush was obtained from the Bullfinch variety -388 g, the maximum from the Zhukovsky early variety with germination. Light germination for the first crop allows to accelerate the passage of development phases and subsequently affects the yield (an increase of 1.3-2.0 times). The minimum average weight from 1 bush in the second crop was obtained in the control variant, with the addition of natural concentrate of glauconite sands and watering, the yield increased by 1.4 times. Thus, in changing climatic conditions in the third light zone, two crops can be obtained and this will increase the efficiency of potato production.
The improvement of the competitiveness of agricultural products and ensuring food security of the country are the most important tasks of agriculture. All the changes due to the introduction of new cultivation technologies or improvement of old ones should be justified and expedient. Increasing potato production in Russia to provide the population with food and for export to European countries through the use of a two-crop culture is promising. This technology is used mainly in the southern regions of the country, but due to recent climate warming, namely, an increase in the growing season, the sum of active temperatures can be used in the middle zone. The economic and energy efficiency of early potato production in twocrop culture was carried out. The cultivation technology is standard. The experiments were carried out three times. Variants in the experiment were placed by a randomized method. The area of one experimental plot is 25 m 2 . We used the following varieties: Luck, Zhukovsky early, Bullfinch, Red Scarlet and Meteor. Planting dateswhen warming the soil to 6 ... 8 °C -May 4. The second landing was carried out on July 15. The first harvest was carried out on July 15, and the second harvest on September 25. One crop option was harvested on August 25th. The production of early potatoes in a two-crop crop is efficient. Proof of this is an increase in total productivity by 1.54 t•ha -1 , revenue from products sold and net income by 243.68 thousand rubles, as well as an increase in profitability by 32.6 %. The efficiency of potato production in two-crop crops is also evidenced by the energy efficiency coefficient, which is higher than 0 and amounts to 0.81.
To obtain environmentally friendly early production of potatoes, the use of a technological method in the cultivation technology - light germination was studied. The cultivation technology is standard, except for the studied technique. There is a varietal reaction to reception, responds well to germination of the Luck and Bullfinch varieties. In the variant with germination, the total costs increase, but in the cost structure there is a decrease in the costs of expensive fertilizers and seeds. The cost of machinery and agricultural production does not rise much. implements in connection with additional work related to the light germination, where it is necessary to take out the planting material from the storage. These costs are not significant and the reception provides a high net energy income, high coefficients, as well as a low energy cost, which allows you to save energy resources when growing early potatoes and get maximum income. There is an increase in net energy income by 5.9 … 31.9%, energy cost coefficients by 6.3 … 32.8%, as well as a decrease in cost by 0.09 … 0.33 GJ•t−1 of tubers.
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