This work provides an enhanced novel cascaded controller-based frequency stabilization of a two-region interconnected power system incorporating electric vehicles. The proposed controller combines a cascade structure comprising a fractional-order proportional integrator and a proportional derivative with a filter term to handle the frequency regulation challenges of a hybrid power system integrated with renewable energy sources. Driver training-based optimization, an advanced stochastic meta-heuristic method based on human learning, is employed to optimize the gains of the proposed cascaded controller. The performance of the proposed novel controller was compared to that of other control methods. In addition, the results of driver training-based optimization are compared to those of other recent meta-heuristic algorithms, such as the imperialist competitive algorithm and jellyfish swarm optimization. The suggested controller and design technique have been evaluated and validated under a variety of loading circumstances and scenarios, as well as their resistance to power system parameter uncertainties. The results indicate the new controller’s steady operation and frequency regulation capability with an optimal controller coefficient and without the prerequisite for a complex layout procedure.
This paper aims to analyze national policies of Pakistan taking into account the complexity of electric power generation, growth, and complying with multilateral agreements. Systems thinking has been applied to understand the complexity of energy scenario of Pakistan by representing it with a causal loop diagram (CLD) which displays the interconnectedness and feedbacks of the system. Analysis is based on systems archetypes to diagnose the system behavior, i.e., falling into the vicious cycle of coal. A stock-and-flow model was employed to capture dynamics of energy generation quantitatively, indicating that a 5% GDP growth rate could be sustained based on current planning to increase electric power generation in Pakistan. Thus, in order to achieve a 7% GDP growth rate, as targeted in Vision 2025 of Pakistan, energy generation targets would need to be revised in the view of the sensitivity of increase in energy demand associated with GDP growth rate, while ensuring compliance with multilateral agreements.
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