In this study, we analysed chromosome number variation and chromomycin A3/4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (CMA/DAPI) banding patterns in 48 species belonging to 12 genera of subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) in order to understand the chromosome evolution based on recent phylogenetic hypotheses and taxonomic treatments. All species had small chromosomes, with numbers ranging from 2n = 20 in two Specklinia spp. to 2n = 80 in an unidentified Octomeria sp. In Acianthera, the most highly represented genus in this study, a great diversity of chromosome number and pattern of fluorescent bands was observed, showing heterochromatin accumulation in Acianthera section Sicariae subsection Pectinatae. Interspecific ascending and, mainly, descending dysploidy were the main mechanisms of chromosome number evolution in subtribe Pleurothallidinae. For Pleurothallidinae, x = 20 is suggested as the basic chromosome number, the same suggested for the related subtribe Laeliinae and for the whole tribe Epidendreae. The Brazilian species of the mega‐genus Stelis had chromosomes with small amounts of heterochromatin and chromosome numbers based on x2 = 16. These are generally divergent from those reported for Andean and Meso‐American species, but in agreement with the monophyletic hypothesis proposed for Stelis spp. with a Brazilian Atlantic distribution. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178, 102–120.
ABSTRACT. We investigated the karyotypes of 13 species of six sections of the genus Inga (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) from Brazil. We used conventional Giemsa staining to identify numerical chromosomal variations and looked for karyotypic evolutionary patterns. The karyotypes generally had small chromosomes, varying from metacentric to submetacentric, with a basic number x = 13. Nine of the species showed 2n = 2x = 26 (I. thibaudiana, I. cayennensis, I. ingoides, I. edulis, I. vera, I. subnuda, I. striata, I. bollandii, and Inga sp), while 2n = 4x = 52 was seen in a population of Inga cylindrical and of I. capitata, and in five populations of I. laurina. Additionally, 2n = 8x = 104 was observed in a population of I. cayennensis. Eight of these counts were new, while the counts of 2n = 52 for I. laurina and 2n = 26 for I. marginata, I. vera, I. subnuda, and I. edulis confirmed previous studies. We did not find cytological stability among the sections studied, with occurrence of significant intra-and inter-specific numerical variations. We conclude that polyploidy has played a significant role in karyotypic evolution in this group and that it occurred independently in several sections of the genus.
Germinação de sementes da invasora ResumoEste trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a influência da luz, da temperatura e da escarificação química sobre a germinação de sementes de S. virgata, espécie ainda pouco estudada e que se constata invasora em diversos nichos do bioma Caatinga. Sementes de S. virgata foram coletadas no município de Natuba-PB em março de 2008 e submetidas a oito tratamentos, descritos a seguir: sementes intactas, na presença e ausência de luz, a 25ºC; sementes intactas na presença e ausência de luz, a 30ºC; sementes imersas em ácido sulfúrico por cinco minutos na presença e ausência de luz, a 25ºC; sementes imersas em ácido sulfúrico por cinco minutos na presença e ausência de luz, a 30ºC. Para estimar os efeitos dos tratamentos foram realizados testes de germinação em câmaras de germinação sob luz e escuro contínuo a temperaturas constantes de 25ºC e 30ºC, em fotoperíodo de 12 horas. As sementes foram colocadas para germinar em caixas Gerbox forradas com folha de papel de filtro. Constatou-se que as sementes de S. virgata possuem dormência tegumentar e tem baixa porcentagem de germinação quando intactas, o que constitui uma estratégia para formação de bancos de sementes. A escarificação ácida provocou aumento da germinação e da velocidade de germinação das sementes. Palavras-chave: Invasão biológica, espécie exótica, caatinga AbstractThe work had as objectives to evaluate the influence of the light, temperature, and chemical scarification on the germination of seeds of S. virgata, species still little studied and that is invasive in several niches of the caatinga ecosystem. The seeds of S. virgata were collected in the municipal district of Natuba-PB in March/2008. Eight treatments were used as follows: intact seeds in the presence and absence of light, at 25ºC; intact seeds in the presence and absence of light, at 30ºC; submerged seeds in sulfuric acid for five minutes in the presence and absence of light, at 25ºC; submerged seeds in sulfuric acid for five minutes in the presence and absence of light, at 30ºC. The germination tests were accomplished in germination cameras under light and continuous darkness at constant temperatures of 25ºC and 30ºC, in a 12 hours photoperiod. The seeds were put to germinate in plastic boxes (gerbox) with filter paper. The seeds of S. virgata have tegument dormancy and show low germination tax when intact, which is a strategy for seed banks formation. The acid scarification increased germination percentage and speed germination index.
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