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Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as type 2 diabetes biomarkers, and they may be a more sensitive way to predict development of the disease than the currently used tools. Our aim was to identify whether circulating miRNAs, added to clinical and biochemical markers, yielded better potential for predicting type 2 diabetes. The study included 462 non-diabetic patients at baseline in the CORDIOPREV study. After a median follow-up of 60 months, 107 of them developed type 2 diabetes. Plasma levels of 24 miRNAs were measured at baseline by qRT-PCR, and other strong biomarkers to predict diabetes were determined. The ROC analysis identified 9 miRNAs, which, added to HbA1c, have a greater predictive value in early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (AUC = 0.8342) than HbA1c alone (AUC = 0.6950). The miRNA and HbA1c-based model did not improve when the FINDRISC was included (AUC = 0.8293). Cox regression analyses showed that patients with low miR-103, miR-28-3p, miR-29a, and miR-9 and high miR-30a-5p and miR-150 circulating levels have a higher risk of disease (HR = 11.27; 95% CI = 2.61–48.65). Our results suggest that circulating miRNAs could potentially be used as a new tool for predicting the development of type 2 diabetes in clinical practice.

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Our aim was to investigate carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) intake and excretion after feeding rats with diets containing advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) from bread crust (BC) or its soluble or insoluble fractions, and to identify the factors responsible for the effects observed. CML in serum and different tissues was measured to detect possible accumulations. For 88 days, weanling rats were fed with either a control diet or one containing BC, or its soluble low molecular weight (LMW), soluble high molecular weight (HMW) or insoluble fractions. In the last week of the assay, faeces and urine were collected daily and stored as a 1 week pool. After sacrifice, blood was drawn to obtain serum and some organs were removed. CML analysis was performed by HPLC/MS/MS in diets, faeces, urines, serum and tissues. Faecal excretion of CML was strongly influenced by dietary CML levels and represents the major route of excretion (i.e. 33.2%). However, the urinary elimination of CML was probably limited or saturated, especially when more complex compounds were present in the diet. BC consumption increased CML in the cardiac tissue (170 ± 18 vs. 97 ± 3 μmol per mol lysine for BC and control groups), which correlated with the CML intake. The levels of this AGE in bone were unaffected by the dietary treatment, but in tail tendons CML was greatly increased in the animals that consumed the BC diet (102 ± 13 vs. 51 ± 8 μmol per mol lysine for BC and control groups, P = 0.006), which was associated with the intake of soluble LMW compounds present in BC. Despite the CML accumulation detected in different tissues, serum levels of protein-bound CML were unchanged, indicating the importance of measuring the free CML in this fluid as a real index of dietary CML.

Influence of culinary treatments (boiling, microwaving, grilling, and deep frying) on proximate composition and antioxidant capacity of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Pleurotus eryngii) was studied. Proximate composition was affected by the cooking method and the mushrooms species. Frying induced more severe losses in protein, ash, and carbohydrates content but increased the fat and energy. Boiling improved the total glucans content by enhancing the β-glucans fraction. A significant decrease was detected in the antioxidant activity especially after boiling and frying, while grilled and microwaved mushrooms reached higher values of antioxidant activity. Maillard reaction products could be partially responsible, as supported by the absorbance values measured at 420 nm. Since cooking techniques clearly influence the nutritional attributes of mushrooms, the proper selection of treatments is a key factor to prevent/reduce nutritional losses. Microwaving and grilling were established as the best processes to maintain the nutritional profile of mushrooms.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake, excretion, and tissue accumulation of carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), after feeding rats a diet containing advanced glycation end products (AGEs) from a glucose-lysine (GL) model system. Rats were distributed into two groups and assigned to a control diet or a diet including 3% heated GL (GL diet) for three months. Feces and urine were collected over the last week. After sacrifice, serum was obtained and some organs were removed for CML analysis. The percentage of fecal CML was 2.5-fold higher in the animals fed the GL diet (33.2 vs 76.5% for control and GL group), whereby total recovery was 91.8% compared with a level of 54.6% in the animals fed the control chow, evidencing the importance of the chemical form and the net quantity of dietary CML on its elimination. We suggest that dietary dicarbonyl compounds from GL diet or dietary CML itself are responsible for CML accumulation in hearts and tendons. The most significant result of the present study is that the regular consumption of dietary AGEs in healthy individuals promotes CML accumulation in some organs.

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