Hydrothermal (HT) reactions of agricultural and food-processing waste have been proposed as an alternative to conventional waste treatment technologies due to allowing several improvements in terms of process performance and energy and economical advantages, especially due to their great ability to process high moisture content biomass waste without prior dewatering. Complex structures of wastes and unique properties of water at higher temperatures and pressures enable a variety of physical-chemical reactions and a wide spectra of products. This paper's aim is to give extensive information about the fundamentals and mechanisms of HT reactions and provide state of the research of agri-food waste HT conversion.

For improving enzyme utilization in biotechnological processes, process costs have to be reduced, enzyme stability during industrial processes should be enhanced, and the recycle and reuse step should be favorable. The immobilization of enzymes is an important step for enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and operational stability. In order to reduce the costs of immobilization and consequently the cost of processes, a cheaper carrier (e.g. materials reclaimed as by-products) should be used. To achieve this, cellulase from Trichoderma sp. was immobilized on biochar obtained by low temperature hydrothermal carbonization (LTHTC) in two ways: by adsorption and by covalent binding via a crosslinking agent. The effect of immobilization time, enzyme concentration, type and concentration of the crosslinking agent and the types of carrier-biochar (LTHTC of waste from olive oil production (LTHTC of OL waste) or LTHTC of cellulose) on the immobilization efficiency and the residual activity of biocatalyst was studied. Higher immobilization efficiency and residual enzyme activity was achieved when the enzyme was covalently bound to biochar obtained by LTHTC of cellulose.

Kratko saopštenje-Short communication Rad je Finansiran od strane Ministarstva nauke i zaštite životne sredine R. Srbije u projektu BTN 351008 B.Apstrakt: Te ni svinjski stajnjak zbog kvalitativno-kvantitativnih karakteristika, na ina obrade i mesta odlaganja predstavlja veliki ekološki problem. Odlaganje i upotreba stajnjaka na velikim a naro ito industrijskim farmama mora da ispunjava slede e zahteve:Tehni ko-tehnološke -sistemi za obradu stajnjaka moraju u potpunosti zadovoljiti povoljne kriterijume u pogledu kvaliteta stajnjaka za krajnju upotrebu; Ekološke, zdravstvene i higijenske aspekte po kojima moraju biti zadovoljeni svi uslovi i zahtevi vezani za njegovo neškodljivo deponovanje i odlaganje; Agrotehni ke gde se u zavisnosti od agrohemijskih karakteristika i kvaliteta zemljišta vrši njegovo rasturanje u cilju nutritivnog poboljšavanja vrednosti zemljišta koje može zadovoljiti zahteve intenzivne ratarske i povrtarske proizvodnje; Ekonomske u odnosu na aspekte ukupnog proizvodnog bilansa proizvedene koli ine svinjskog mesa i ukupnih ulaganja u tehnološki proces i opravdanje upotrebe u intenzivnoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.Klju ne re i: te ni stajnjak, ekologija, tehnologija, svinjarske farme