In the work based on agroecological and technological testing of varieties of grain crops of domestic and foreign breeding, winter triticale in particular, conducted on the experimental field of the Smolensk State Agricultural Academy between 2015 and 2019, we present the methodology and results of processing the experimental data used for constructing the neural network model. Neural networks are applicable for solving tasks that are difficult for computers of traditional design and humans alike. Those are processing large volumes of experimental data, automation of image recognition, approximation of functions and prognosis. Neural networks include analyzing subject areas and weight coefficients of neurons, detecting conflict samples and outliers, normalizing data, determining the number of samples required for teaching a neural network and increasing the learning quality when their number is insufficient, as well as selecting the neural network type and decomposition based on the number of input neurons. We consider the technology of initial data processing and selecting the optimal neural network structure that allows to significantly reduce modeling errors in comparison with neural networks created with unprepared source data. Our accumulated experience of working with neural networks has demonstrated encouraging results, which indicates the prospects of this area, especially when describing processes with large amounts of variables. In order to verify the resulting neural network model, we have carried out a computational experiment, which showed the possibility of applying scientific results in practice.
Issues of environmental conservation and biological diversity for future generations come to the fore in connection with increasing volumes of production waste and emissions of pollutants into the air. The study formulated the basic mechanisms for ensuring environmental safety, among which we can single out the environmental assessment of the regions, environmental monitoring and organizational and management decisions aimed at preserving the natural environment for future generations. As part of the work, the state environmental protection program for the period from 2012 to 2020 was reviewed, with a budget allocation of 286.65 billion rubles, and environmental safety indicators, as a result of which, it was concluded that there were no progressive changes in matters of environmental protection. Based on what, the authors of the study proposed a conceptual model for ensuring environmental safety of the environment, based on the convergence of all organizational structures and the development of joint subprograms to preserve the natural environment for future generations. In conclusion, the study presents the main findings and results of the work.
<p>Strong explosive eruptions of volcanoes are the most dangerous for aircraft because they can produce in a few hours or days to the atmosphere and the stratosphere till several cubic kilometers of volcanic ash and aerosols. Ash plumes and the clouds, depending on the power of the eruption, the strength and wind speed, can travel thousands of kilometers from the volcano for several days, remaining hazardous to aircraft, as the melting temperature of small particles of ash below the operating temperature of jet engines.</p><p>There are 30 active volcanoes in the Kamchatka; scientists of KVERT monitor these volcanoes since 1993. Description of volcanic eruptions is based on video monitoring and various satellite data from the information system "Remote monitoring of the activity of volcanoes of the Kamchatka and the Kuriles" (VolSatView, http://kamchatka.volcanoes.smislab.ru). In 2021, three volcanoes (Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, and Karymsky) had eruptions.</p><p>The eruptive activity of Sheveluch (growth of the lava dome) is continuing since 1980. In 2021, explosions sent ash up to 7.5 km a.s.l. mainly in August and December; ash plumes were extending more 380 km to the different directions of the volcano. A new plastic lava block Dolphin-2 squeezed at the dome from February till July 2021. Resuspended ash was observed on 02-03 April, 06-07 July, 13-14 and 22 August, and 06-07 and 21 October: ash plumes were extending for 400 km to the east and southeast of the volcano. Satellite data by KVERT showed a thermal anomaly over the volcano all year. Activity of the volcano was dangerous to local aviation.</p><p>The terminal explosive-effusive eruptions of Klyuchevskoy volcano took place from 30 September, 2020 to 08 February, 2021. Explosions sent ash up to 8 km a.s.l., gas-steam plumes containing some amount of ash were extending for 500 km to the different directions of the volcano. The lava flows moved along Apakhonchichsky and Kozyrevsky chutes. Satellite data by KVERT showed a thermal anomaly over the volcano all year. The lateral break on the northwestern slope of Klyuchevskoy at an altitude of 2.8 km a.s.l. lasted from 17 February to 20 March, 2021: lava effused from two cracks, a cinder cone 60 m high was formed. By February 23, lava flows 1.2 km long reached the Erman glacier, mud flows passed about 30 km. Activity of the volcano was dangerous to international and local aviation.</p><p>Eruptive activity of Karymsky volcano was uneven in 2021. According to satellite data, the strong ash explosions were observed: on 04 April (8.5 km a.s.l.), 10 September (7 km a.s.l.), 03 November (11 km a.s.l.), and 06, 13, and 18 November (8 km a.s.l.); in the other months explosions sent ash up to 6 km a.s.l.; ash plumes and clouds drifted for 2700 km to the different directions from the volcano. The thermal anomaly over the volcano was recorded on satellite images from time to time. Activity of the volcano was dangerous to international and local aviation.</p>
Consideration of the environmental policy of the electric power complex is becoming relevant at the present time, since most of the power plants were commissioned more than 40-50 years ago, while technological modernization and updating of production capacity did not occur. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the growth in the production of electric energy is practically not observed, while the volumes of consumption of coal and gas in the production of electric energy do not change, the use of fixed production assets is increased, as a result of which the standard period of use of the equipment is exceeded. Emissions of pollutants are slightly reduced only by categories of solid waste and sulfur dioxide, emissions of nitrogen oxides do not change, and emissions of carbon oxides increase. The work proposed a mechanism for the development of environmental safety of the electric power complex, containing directions for monitoring the technical condition of power equipment, introducing technical and technological re-equipment of generation facilities, assessing the level of reproduction of fixed production assets, determining the resource dependence of generation facilities and measures for organizing and managing the production process.
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