Seventeen adult and cyclic Moxoto goats were synchronized using 60 mg MPA vaginal sponge for 11 days and 50 mug cloprostenol, 48 h before sponge removal, and superovulated with 120 mg pFSH i.m. in decreasing doses at 12 h intervals for three consecutive days. In seven goats, 0.2 IU/kg BW/day of long acting insulin was subcutaneously injected at same time as pFSH, and in the other five goats, the same dose of insulin was injected for three consecutive days starting 24 h after mating. Finally, five goats were supplemented with an oral dose of 80 ml/goat/day of propylene glycol continuously during the experiment. The animals were flushed at 7 days after mating and the embryos were classified based on International Embryo Transfer Society criteria. Blood samples were collected every 3 days for insulin assay. Administration of insulin raised the insulin levels of the goats (p < 0.05), whereas in the group treated with propylene glycol, insulin rate was different only between FSH treatment and after mating (p < 0.05). Similar rates of recovery for total (80.05 +/- 9.78%) or transferable structures (61.03 +/- 15.13%) were obtained. Treatment was not influenced (p > 0.05) by responsiveness to superovulation, which averaged 64%. By contrast, insulin treatments were shown to increase the number of embryos considered excellent with respect to goats supplemented with propylene glycol (p < 0.05). When insulin was given before mating, a strong relationship (r = 0. 90) (p < 0.05) between number of transferable embryo and ovulations was observed in the animals. In conclusion, superovulated goats treated with low doses of exogenous insulin resulted in an enhancement in embryo quality, which was related to changes in circulating insulin concentrations.
The use of alternative protein sources that do not impair animal performance is a feasible option to reduce costs associated with animal supplementation. Previous studies indicate that castor cake has a high protein value and good ruminal degradability, making it an attractive alternative dietary source for ruminants. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects from ingestion of castor cake (treatment CC) or detoxified castor cake (treatment DCC) on serum IgG levels, in vivo production of goat embryos, and the expression profile of genes related to embryonic development, metabolism, and oxidative stress. The results showed the presence of IgG against ricin only in animals of the CC group. The ovulation rate and the production of transferable embryos in animals of the CC group were lower (P < 0.05) than in the animals fed without castor cake (WCC), but neither group differed significantly from the DCC group. There was no effect of type of diet on the expression of the IGF-IR, IGF-II, and GLUT-1 genes in goat embryos produced in vivo. However, the relative expression of mRNA for the HSP 70.1 gene was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the CC group than in the WCC group, but did not differ from that of the DCC group. In conclusion, this study showed that supplementation with detoxified castor cake can be used for goat feeding, but caution is necessary when providing castor bean meal in the feed of superovulated breeding females, because ricin in the diet, even at low concentrations, altered IgG levels and the expression of mRNA for HSP 70.1, effects that were accompanied by a lower rate of transferable embryos.
ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do bagaço de caju (BC) e raspa de mandioca (RM) na alimentação sobre a produção de embriões in vivo e expressão de diferentes genes em cabras. Três dietas foram oferecidas a 28 cabras em quantidade para satisfazer 1,5 vezes as exigências de manutenção. A dieta controle foi composta por feno de tifton e concentrado (milho 80%, farelo de soja 15%, minerais 5%). Nos tratamentos, o farelo de soja foi substituído parcialmente pelo bagaço de caju ou raspa de mandioca no concentrado. Após o tratamento de superovulação, os embriões foram recuperados e classificados de acordo com as normas da IETS. A expressão relativa de RNAm para IGF-IR, IGF-II, GLUT-I and HSP-70.1 em embriões caprinos foi determinada pela RT-PCR semi-quantitativa. Não houve diferença entre dietas (p>0,05) na taxa de ovulação, resposta superovulatória, recuperação embrionária e taxa de fertilidade. O número de embriões não diferiu entre as dietas (p>0,05), porém no grupo BC e RM houve um incremento de mórulas (p<0,05). A expressão gênica diferiu apenas para o gene HSP 70.1 no grupo RM, não havendo diferenças na expressão dos genes IGF-IR, IGF-II e GLUT-I (p>0,05). A utilização do BC e da RM foram eficientes na produção de embriões in vivo e apenas a raspa de mandioca afetou a expressão do gene HSP 70.1, relacionado com o estresse embrionário.Palavras-chave: embrião, caprino, ovulação, produção in vivo de embriões. AbstractThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the cashew bagasse (BC) and cassava scrapes (RM) on embryos in vivo production and gene expression in goats. Three diets were offered to 28 goats in amount to satisfy 1.5 times the maintenance requirements. The control diet was composed by tifton grass hay and concentrate (80% corn, 15% soybean meal, 5% minerals). In the treatments, soybean meal was partially replaced by cashew bagasse or cassava root scrapings in the concentrate. After superovulation treatment, the embryos were recovered and classified according to IETS statements. The relative mRNA expression for IGF-IR, IGF-II, GLUT-I and HSP-70.1 in goat embryos were determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Diets did not affect (p>0.05) the ovulation rate, superovulation response, embryo recovery and fertility rate. The number of viable embryos was similar (p>0.05). Diets with BC and RM showed an increment of morulae stage (p<0.05). Gene expression differed for HSP 70.1 gene in RM group, whereas no difference was detected for IGF-IR, IGF-II and GLUT-I expression (p>0.05). The use of the BC and the RM were efficient in the production of in vivo embryos and only cassava scrapes affected the expression of the gene related to embryo stress.
A quantidade de tecido adiposo pode refletir a saúde, o status reprodutivo das espécies e o potencial de sobrevivência das mesmas à predação. Os mamíferos necessitam de uma fonte alimentar de energia imediata, além de uma reserva energética corporal constituída por triglicerídeos, que podem ser armazenados, nos vertebrados, em células especializadas, os adipócitos. A distribuição do tecido adiposo no corpo dos mamíferos é basicamente a mesma em todas as espécies, sendo mais extensivamente distribuído no subcutâneo, regiões perirenal, omental e muscular. O tecido adiposo, além da sua grande importância no metabolismo lipídico, secreta ainda um surpreendente número de substâncias, tais como Interleucina-6, prostaglandina E2, prostaciclina, IGF-I, IGF-II , leptina e lipase lipoprotéica, revelando seu potencial endócrino, o que o classifica verdadeiramente como um tecido com atividades equiparáveis aos de muitos outros órgãos tão igualmente importantes para os mamíferos.
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