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Impaired performance of siblings on facial emotion identification and discrimination tasks provides evidence for the hypothesis that facial emotion recognition deficits are transmitted in families and may represent a heritable endophenotype of schizophrenia.

Introduction: In recent years, an increasing number of studies have researched retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) changes in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, our aim was to determine structural RNFL changes in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: A total of 30 patients with major depressive disorder and 30 age-and sex-matched controls were recruited. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), the peripapillary RNFL thickness in major depressive disorder patients and control subjects was measured and compared at each location. Results: Patients with major depressive disorder did not show a statistically significant reduction in overall peripapillary RNFL thickness. Conclusion: Our study showed that RNFL thickness is not reduced in major depressive disorder patients and that OCT is not a useful tool for diagnosing and monitoring the progression of major depressive disorder. This study suggests that the pathophysiology of unipolar depression is different than in neurodegenerative disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

Sum maryNowadays the number of patients using the types of drugs in question here has significantly increased. A study carried out in relation with the long term use of psychotropic drugs shows that the consumption of this group of drugs has substantially increased in terms of variety and quantity. This compilation is arranged in accordance with the ocular complications of psychotropic drugs in long term treatment profile of numerous patients to the results of related literature review. If the doctor and the patients are informed about the eye problems related to the use of psychotropic drugs, potential ocular complications can be easily prevented, supervised and controlled and can even be reversed. (

Social networking sites (SNSs) enrol new subscribers each day. However, problematic SNS use has undesirable effects on psychological functioning. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that contribute to the development of problematic SNS use. Very few studies have focused on revealing the underlying mechanisms of problematic SNS use. Although many past studies have examined the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and Internet addiction, the association between metacognitive beliefs and problematic SNS use has not been adequately explored. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between metacognitive beliefs and problematic SNS use among young adults. A total of 308 individuals participated in this study. A socio‐demographic data form, the Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30 (MCQ‐30), and Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS) were administered. Group comparisons were performed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Pearson's correlational and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between metacognitive beliefs and problematic SNS use. The SNS addicts scored higher in all of the SMAS assessments. When compared to non‐addicts, SNS addicts obtained higher scores on all the subtests of the SMAS and MCQ‐30 except cognitive self‐consciousness. The negative beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of worry, cognitive confidence, and need for control thoughts were associated with SMAS mood modification, relapse and conflict subdimensions. Our findings revealed that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs are related to problematic SNS use among young adults. These findings indicate that mental health workers should consider the modification of metacognitive beliefs in the treatment of problematic SNS use.

Background: Chronic pain (CP) and mental disorders are common among active military personnel (AMP) due to their potential exposure to various physical and psychological stressors. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate pain perception and beliefs regarding their pain among AMP suffering from CP using self-reported measures, and to understand the development and persistence of pain in AMP. Methods: Sixty male AMP outpatients suffering CP were included. All participants completed the following forms and questionnaires: Oswestry Disability Index(ODI), Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), Neck Disability Index(NDI), Bournemouth Questionnaire for neck(BQN), International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Index(HADS), 36-item Short Form Survey(SF-36), Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire(ATQ), and Pain Belief Questionnaire(PBQ). Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.85±3.50 years, the median duration and frequency of pain were 12 months and 14.5 days in a month, respectively. The median of ODI scores was 26; three of patients were evaluated as crippled while 8 patients had severe disability. The HADS and PBQ-psychological scores were high in the patient group. Positive correlations were found between pain frequency and the ODI, VAS, NDI and PBQ-psychological scores. Relationships were also shown between PBQ-psychological and the VAS and ATQ scores. Correlations between ODI scores and ATQ scores were also revealed. Conclusions: Our results suggest that, in addition to the organic basis of pain, there is strong evidence for significant contribution from the psychological characteristics and pain-related beliefs of the patients. Physicians may choose a multi-dimensional perspective in the diagnosis and treatment of pain, especially in patients suffering from CP.

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