Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Family Lamiaceae), popularly named rosemary, is a common household plant grown in many parts of the world, including Brazil. Rosemary leaves are used for food flavoring and have been used in folk medicine for many conditions; they have antispasmodic, analgesic, antirheumatic, carminative, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, and antiepileptic effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rosemary essential oil (REO) on experimental models of nociception and inflammation in animals. The anti-inflammatory effect of REO was evaluated by inflammatory exudate volume and leukocyte migration in carrageenan-induced pleurisy and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests in rats. Antinociception was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in mice. REO (500 mg/kg) significantly reduced the volume of pleural exudate and slightly decreased the number of cells that had migrated compared with the control animals. At doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg, REO significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema 1-4 hours after injection of the phlogistic agent. In the hot plate test, REO administration (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) showed unremarkable effects on response latency, whereas control injection of meperidine induced significant antinociceptive effects. REO at doses of 70, 125, and 250 mg/kg had a significant antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test compared with control animals. These data suggest that REO possesses anti-inflammatory and peripheral antinociceptive activity.

A candidíase orofaríngea é a infecção fúngica mais comum entre os pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana e seu tratamento é realizado com antifúngicos tópicos ou sistêmicos, que são indicados empiricamente com base em dados clínicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a freqüência de leveduras em lavados bucais de indivíduos HIV positivos, comparando os resultados entre pacientes com diferentes condições de imunodeficiência e verificar o perfil de susceptibilidade das espécies isoladas frente aos antifúngicos visando avaliar se as opções de tratamento utilizadas na prática clínica atingem a maioria das espécies identificadas. Leveduras foram isoladas em 58% das amostras de lavado bucal coletadas e Candida albicans foi a espécie mais (93%) freqüente. Resistência ou susceptibilidade dose dependente, frente aos antifúngicos testados foi registrada em aproximadamente 17% das amostras. A importante variabilidade de resposta sugere limitações quanto à eficácia das terapias instituídas empiricamente.

Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), in folk medicine has been used against pain, inflammation, arthritis, urinary infections, and gastrointestinal disorders. [1] The oil of ginger is a mixture of constituents, consisting of monoterpenes (phellandrene, camphene, cineole, citral, and borneol) and sesquiterpenes (zingiberene, zingiberol, zingiberenol, ß-bisabolene, sesquiphellandrene, and others). Aldehydes and alcohols are also present. [1,2] Gingerol and its analogs found in rhizome extracts are responsible for many pharmacological activities. [1] Few works have reported the properties of ginger essential oil (GEO). However, several types of terpene compounds are known to present antiinflammatory and antinoceptive activities. [1,2] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of GEO administered orally in rodents. Groups of 10 male Swiss mice (25-30 g) and male Wistar rats (190-230 g) were used for evaluation of the antinoceptive and antiinflammatory effects, respectively. All animals were housed in groups of five and maintained in standardized conditions (12/12 h light/dark cycle, 25°C) with free access to water and food. The protocol for these experiments was approved and was in accordance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Committee of Animal Experimentation. Fresh rhizomes of Z. officinale were collected from the herbarium of the State University of Maringá, identified, and authenticated. GEO was obtained from 250 g of rhizomes by conventional steam distillation using Clevenger apparatus during 3 h. The oil obtained was kept refrigerated and protected form direct light. Pleurisy was induced in anesthetized mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of carrageenan (200 µg/cavity). Four hours later, the rats were sacrificed and the exudate was collected to determine the total volume and leukocyte number. Exudates smears were prepared, air-dried, and fixed with Rosenfeld stain for leukocyte differential count. The parameters studied were leukocyte migration and fluid leakage. GEO (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) and indomethacin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered 30 min before the test. The antinociceptive activity of the GEO was assessed using the writhing test. Acetic acid solution (10 ml/kg, 0.6%) was i.p. injected and abdominal muscles constriction together with stretching of the hind limbs was counted over a period of 20 min, starting immediately after acetic acid injection. GEO (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and indomethacin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered 30 min before the acid injection. Antinociceptive activity was expressed as the percentage of

Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade por reação adversa a medicamentos (RAM) e a distribuição dos óbitos no Brasil e regiões. Metodologia: Estudo exploratório de série temporal da mortalidade por RAM no Brasil por meio da busca de dados contidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade-DATASUS, durante o período de 2000 a 2019. Utilizou-se a 10ª revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), com os códigos Y40 a Y59. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade por RAM, segundo sexo, faixa etária e região de residência. Resultados: Nos 20 anos analisados foram registrados 2003 (0,001%) óbitos por RAM. A taxa média de mortalidade por RAM no Brasil foi de 0,0516/100.000 hab, variando de 0,0342 a 0,0715/100.000 hab. A Região Sudeste apresentou as maiores taxas de mortalidade em média no período, seguida pela Região Sul e Centro-Oeste, enquanto as menores taxas foram encontradas na Região Norte. A frequência de mortes foi maior no sexo feminino e as maiores taxas na faixa etária de 60 anos ou mais. Conclusão: A mortalidade por RAM está aumentando no Brasil com diferenças regionais. A pequena quantidade de registros no período demonstra a necessidade de sensibilização dos profissionais de saúde quanto ao preenchimento das certidões de óbito quando a causa mortis estiver relacionada a RAM.

High active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce plasma viremia to levels below the limit of detection, leading to adequate immune recovery and clinical stability in most HIV-1-infected patients. However, the virus persists in reservoirs, and free virions can be found in the plasma. We report here the case of an HIV-infected patient diagnosed in 1999, who exhibited good adherence to medication and HAART efficacy after multiple protocol changes. In this study, we describe the clinical features, chronological changes in HIV viral load and CD4+ T-cell count, and treatment outcomes of multiple combinations of antiretrovirals (ARV

79 (35.9 %). Gastrointestinal disorders (25.9 %), hypertension (25.4 %), and neuropsychiatric symptoms (18.2 %) were the most common clinical ADRs. The most common laboratory-based ADRs were anemia (48.8 %), hypertriglyceridemia (47.3 %), hypercholesterolemia (36.1 %) and hyperglycemia (22.6 %). Conclusion:The results demonstrate a high incidence of ADRs in HIV-patients treated with HAART, which should be monitored closely during follow-up therapy.