Complex sociopolitical, economic, and geographical realities cause the 20 million residents of Mexico City to suffer from some of the worst air pollution conditions in the world. Greenhouse gas emissions from the city are also substantial, and opportunities for joint local-global air pollution control are being sought. Although a plethora of measures to improve local air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions have been proposed for Mexico City, resources are not available for implementation of all proposed controls and thus prioritization must occur. Yet policy makers often do not conduct comprehensive quantitative analyses to inform these decisions. We reanalyze a subset of currently proposed control measures, and derive cost and health benefit estimates that are directly comparable. This study illustrates that improved quantitative analysis can change implementation prioritization for air pollution and greenhouse gas control measures in Mexico City.
Abstract:The digital revolution enabled by social and ubiquitous technologies is constantly transforming macro and micro levels of society including industry, organizations and government as well as ways in which we communicate, we work, and we carry on our daily lives. Education is therefore also being challenged to respond to evolving societal demands by supporting the development of competent and engaged citizens. In this context, individuals' capability to get involved and exploit the affordances of networked environments for learning and development may condition their opportunities to cope with societal and labor demands. In this chapter, the metaphor of learning ecologies is proposed to provide a framework from which to analyze interactions between individuals and their environment, and the way their experiences across different contexts throughout life promote and shape learning processes. Learning ecologies allow us to explore frontier pedagogies connecting formal, non-formal and informal educational contexts, acting as personal strategies that may orchestrate life-long, life-wide and life-deep learning. We start by defining and framing learning ecologies, providing the theoretical roots and reviewing some recent studies in the field. Next, we propose constructs and models but also strategies and tools that may be of help to enhance and support personal ecologies for learning. Finally, the concept of personal pedagogies is proposed to refer to a set of autonomy and agency skills and attitudes that can be dynamically integrated by individuals to support an ecology for self-development and personal learning. We articulate from this perspective several trends in the area of self-directed learning located in the technological and pedagogical intersection: MOOCs, current awareness, e-portfolios and social networks.
The purpose of this study was to know the perspectives that a group of teachers from the state of Sonora, Mexico, have on online training and on themassive open online courses(MOOCs)"Key Learning Collection". These MOOCs were designed to make basic education teachers aware of the approaches of the new educational model derived from the 2013 reform. The approach applied in the research was the qualitative one; the data was collected through semi-structured interviews with six primary school teachers. Teachers' perspectives regarding online training focused on the categories of analysis: online versus face-to-face in-service teacher training, participation requirements of online in-service teacher training, and challenges of online in-service teacher training; and regarding MOOCs, they were categorized into: didactic-pedagogical dimension of the courses, massiveness and absence of tutor, implemented technological infrastructure, and the role of the school authority for its implementation. The findings show an open position of teachers towards online training;,however, their willingness to participate in it is influenced by their previous experiences in this modality. Likewise, the findings highlight the need to promote a joint commitment, both of educational authorities and teachers, to successfully implement massive teacher training strategies such as MOOCs.
RESUMENLa faringoamigdalitis aguda (FAA) en el adulto es una de las enfermedades infecciosas más comunes en la consulta del médico de familia. La etiología más frecuente es viral. Dentro de la etiología bacteriana, el principal agente responsable es Streptococcus pyogenes o estreptococo β-hemolítico del grupo A (EBHGA), causante del 5-30% de los casos. En el manejo diagnóstico las escalas de valoración clínica, para predecir la posible etiología bacteriana, son una buena ayuda para seleccionar a qué pacientes se deben practicar las técnicas de detección rápida de antígeno estreptocócico. Es conocido que, en general, sin estas técnicas, se tiende al sobrediagnóstico de FAA estreptocócica, con la consiguiente prescripción innecesaria de antibióticos, muchas veces de amplio espectro. Así, con el manejo de las escalas y la técnica de diagnóstico rápido, elaboramos los algoritmos de manejo de la FAA. Los objetivos del tratamiento son acelerar la resolución de los síntomas, reducir el tiempo de contagio y prevenir las complicaciones supurativas locales y no supurativas. Los antibióticos de elección para el tratamiento de la FAA estreptocócica son penicilina y amoxicilina. La asociación de amoxicilina y clavulánico no está indicada en el tratamiento inicial en la infección aguda. Los macrólidos tampoco son un tratamiento de primera elección; su uso debe reservarse para pacientes con alergia a la penicilina. Es importante en nuestro país adecuar tanto el diagnóstico de la FAA bacteriana y la prescripción de antibióticos a la evidencia científica disponible. La implantación de protocolos de actuación en las farmacias comunitarias puede ser de utilidad para identificar y cribar los casos que no requieran tratamiento antibiótico. ABSTRACTThe acute pharyngotonsillitis (APT) in adults is one the most common infectious diseases in the family physician's surgery. The most frequent etiology is viral. Within the bacterial etiology, the main agent responsible is Streptococcus pyogenes or streptococcus β-GROUP A hemolytic (EBHGA), causing 5-30% of cases. In the diagnostic management, to predict the possible bacterial etiology, clinical evaluation scales are a good help for selecting which patients should undergo quick detection techniques for the streptococcic antigen. It is known that, in general, without these techniques streptococcic APT tends to be overdiagnosed, with the ensuing unnecessary prescription for antibiotics, often broad-spectrum. Thus, with the management of the steps and the quick diagnosis technique, we can draw up algorithms for managing APT. The objectives of the treatment are to accelerate the resolution of symptoms, reduce contagion time and prevent local suppurative and non-suppurative complications. The antibiotics of choice for treating streptococcic APT are penicillin and amoxicillin. The combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is not indicated for the initial treatment of acute infection. Macrolides are not a first-choice treatment either; their use must be reserved for patients with allergy to pe...
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