Oxidative stress has been known to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme may lead to Alzheimer’s disease as a neurotransmitter. Antioxidants may have protective activities against oxidative damage and Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors also can be used in the treatment of various neurological disorders for management of Alzheimer’s disease. This study aimed to determine antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of Garcinia picrorrhiza Miq. fruit extract (GpKar) and its compounds, xanthone. Antioxidant activity was measured by H2O2 scavenging inhibitory activity, while anticholinesterase activity was measured using modified Ellman method. GpKar has higher H2O2 scavenging inhibitory activity (IC50= 967.28 µg/ml) compared to xanthone (IC50= 1198.95 µg/ml). In the anticholinesterase inhibitory activity, GpKar has lower activity (IC50= 70.25 µg/ml) compared to xanthone (11.80 µg/ml). In summary, GpKar has higher antioxidant activity but lower anticholinesterase activity compared to its compounds, xanthone. However, GpKar has potency as antioxidant agent to prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
Pesticides are suspected of being endocrine disruptors. This cross-sectional study measured serum samples for levels of thyroid hormones including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) among Indonesian female farmers (n = 127) and non-farmers (n = 127). A questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics and risk factors including work characteristics and frequency, and the use of home and agricultural pesticides. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the distribution of the clinical categories of thyroid levels between farmers and non-farmers except for FT3 and T4. However, in multivariable regression controlling for confounders, FT3 and T4 were significantly higher for farmers compared to non-farmers. In addition, 32% of farmers had clinically low iodine levels and 49% of non-farmers had clinically high iodine levels. We conclude that pesticide exposure may not be as important as iodine intake in explaining these findings. We recommend counseling by health workers about the importance of using iodized salt for farmers and counseling about high iodine foods that need to be avoided for non-farmers.
Senyawa CO, Pb, dan NO2 merupakan polutan yang cukup toksik apabila dihirup oleh manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui tingkat risiko kesehatan dari paparan CO, Pb, serta NO2 pada anak Sekolah Dasar di kompleks Bawakaraeng Jl. Gunung Bawakaraeng Kota Makassar. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan ialah penelitian observasional dengan rancangan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Pengambilan sampel lingkungan dilakukan di siang hari di satu titik di kawasan Sekolah Dasar tersebut. Pengambilan sampel manusia dilakukan di wilayah yang sama pada anak sekolah dasar kelas 4, 5, dan 6 dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Populasi Lingkungan ini adalah konsentrasi CO, Pb, dan NO2. Data diolah dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan SPSS dan Microsoft Excel yang disajikan dalam bentuk tabel yang disertai dengan narasi mengenai variabel yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai Lama pajanan (jam/hari) CO, Pb, serta NO2 terhadap anak ialah sebesar 5,5 jam/hari. Durasi pajanan (tahun) anak Sekolah Dasar Inpres Bawakaraeng Jl. Gunung Bawakaraeng Kota Makassar ialah berkisar antara 3 sampai 5 tahun. Tingkat risiko tidak aman (RQ>1) terdapat pada zat pencemar NO2 yaitu sebanyak 7 responden dan untuk zat pencemar CO dan Pb seluruh reponden masih dalam kategori aman.
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