Type 1 diabetes is a challenging condition to manage for various physiological and behavioural reasons. Regular exercise is important, but management of different forms of physical activity is particularly difficult for both the individual with type 1 diabetes and the health-care provider. People with type 1 diabetes tend to be at least as inactive as the general population, with a large percentage of individuals not maintaining a healthy body mass nor achieving the minimum amount of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity per week. Regular exercise can improve health and wellbeing, and can help individuals to achieve their target lipid profile, body composition, and fitness and glycaemic goals. However, several additional barriers to exercise can exist for a person with diabetes, including fear of hypoglycaemia, loss of glycaemic control, and inadequate knowledge around exercise management. This Review provides an up-to-date consensus on exercise management for individuals with type 1 diabetes who exercise regularly, including glucose targets for safe and effective exercise, and nutritional and insulin dose adjustments to protect against exercise-related glucose excursions.

These results demonstrate that skeletal muscle glycogen can be measured quickly and noninvasively through high-frequency ultrasound using MuscleSound technology.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are strongly associated with cancer, and these disorders may share a common mechanism. Recently, fructose has emerged as a driving force to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome. Thus, we assume that fructose may be the mechanism to explain why obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked with cancer. Clinical and experimental evidence showed that fructose intake was associated with cancer growth and that fructose transporters are upregulated in various malignant tumors. Interestingly, fructose metabolism can be driven under low oxygen conditions, accelerates glucose utilization, and exhibits distinct effects as compared to glucose, including production of uric acid and lactate as major byproducts. Fructose promotes the Warburg effect to preferentially downregulate mitochondrial respiration and increases aerobic glycolysis that may aid metastases that initially have low oxygen supply. In the process, uric acid may facilitate carcinogenesis by inhibiting the TCA cycle, stimulating cell proliferation by mitochondrial ROS, and blocking fatty acid oxidation. Lactate may also contribute to cancer growth by suppressing fat oxidation and inducing oncogene expression. The ability of fructose metabolism to directly stimulate the glycolytic pathway may have been protective for animals living with limited access to oxygen, but may be deleterious toward stimulating cancer growth and metastasis for humans in modern society. Blocking fructose metabolism may be a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Purpose of Review We have significantly improved hospital mortality from sepsis and critical illness in last 10 years, however over this same period we have tripled the number of “ICU survivors” going to rehabilitation. Further, as up to half the deaths in the first year following ICU admission occur post-ICU discharge, it is unclear how many of these patients ever returned home or a meaningful quality of life (QoL). For those who do survive, recent data reveals many “ICU survivors” will suffer significant functional impairment or Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS). Thus, new innovative metabolic and exercise interventions to address PICS are urgently needed. These should focus on optimal nutrition and lean body mass (LBM) assessment, targeted nutrition delivery, anabolic/anti-catabolic strategies, and utilization of personalized exercise intervention techniques, such as utilized by elite athletes to optimize preparation and recovery from critical care. Recent findings New data for novel LBM analysis technique such as CT scan and ultrasound analysis of lean body mass are available showing objective measures of LBM now becoming more practical for predicting metabolic reserve and effectiveness of nutrition/exercise interventions. 13C-breath testing is a novel technique under study to predict infection earlier and predict over- and under-feeding to target nutrition delivery. New technologies utilized routinely by athletes such as muscle glycogen ultrasound also show promise. Finally, the role of personalized cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to target pre-operative exercise optimization and post-ICU recovery are becoming reality. Summary New innovative techniques are demonstrating promise to target recovery from PICS utilizing a combination of objective LBM and metabolic assessment, targeted nutrition interventions, personalized exercise interventions for prehabilitation and post-ICU recovery. These interventions should provide hope that we will soon begin to create more “survivors” and fewer victim's post-ICU care.

Background: Survival at the intermediate stage of colorectal cancer (CRC) is less predictable than in the early and advanced stages. Several genetic markers possibly involved in growth and progression of CRC can be used for prognosis. Aims: This study investigated the proportion of allelic loss (loss of heterozygosity (LOH)) at the BRCA1 locus in sporadic CRC and its value in patient prognosis. Patients and methods: A total of 314 patients were investigated for LOH at the BRCA1 locus using polymerase chain reaction by means of three intragenic polymorphic microsatellite markers. Allelic losses were compared with clinicopathological characteristics of patients, recurrence rate, disease free survival (DFS), and overall survival. Results: Twenty six patients were excluded because of microsatellite instability. Of the remaining 288 cases, 244 (84.7%) were informative, with 97 (39.8%) patients bearing BRCA1 LOH. Recurrence rate was higher in patients with LOH (p = 0.0003), and DFS was 73.3% (SEM 5.7) at five years in patients without LOH, and 49.2% (7.1) in cases with positive allelic loss (p = 0.0004). Retention of alleles at the BRCA1 locus was associated with a favourable DFS in stages I and II (p,0.05). The presence of LOH was also significantly associated with short overall survival (p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis in the complete series showed that stage (p = 0.006) and lymph node metastases (>4 nodes, p = 0.0001; 1-3 nodes, p = 0.038) were independent prognostic factors. However, multivariate study by stages revealed that BRCA1 LOH was an independent prognostic factor in stages I and II (p = 0.001). Conclusions: BRCA1 LOH is a molecular alteration present in CRC, with unfavourable repercussions for overall survival, that could be considered as an outstanding independent prognostic factor in stages I and II.

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Background Stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) is a protein that promotes type I IFN production essential for T‐cell activation. In this study, we aim to characterize STING expression comprehensively using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, cell lines, and patient tumor samples stained with immunohistochemistry. Methods Two cohorts were evaluated comprising 721 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and 55 NSCLC cell lines for STING and cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS) expression using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, an independent cohort of n = 499 patients from the TCGA database was analyzed. Methylation was evaluated on STING and cGAS in five STING‐negative NSCLC cell lines. Results STING RNA expression positively correlates with T cell function and development genes, negatively correlates with cell proliferation and associated with increased survival (5‐year‐overall survival [OS] 47.3% vs. 38.8%, p = 0.033). STING protein expression is significantly higher in adenocarcinoma (AC) and is lost with increasing stages of AC. STING‐positivity is significantly higher in mutant EGFR and KRAS tumors. STING‐positive NSCLC patients identified with immunohistochemistry (H‐score > 50) have increased survival (median OS: 58 vs. 35 months, p = 0.02). Treatment of STING‐negative cell lines with a demethylating agent restores STING expression. Conclusions STING is ubiquitously expressed in NSCLC and associated with T cell function genes, AC histology, EGFR, and KRAS mutations and improved overall survival.

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