The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

Abstract—A new species, Serpocaulon australe, from the Yungas Montane Forest of Argentina and Bolivia, is described based on a re-interpretation of the name S. gilliesii. The new species is similar to S. lasiopus, but can be distinguished by its rhizome scales with entire margins and acute-acuminate apices, glabrous fronds with few axillary scales in the segments, sori absent in the apex of the segments, and ascending segments. We investigated the taxonomic relationships among these similar species of Serpocaulon using morphoanatomical characters of the sporophyte and ecological preferences. Morphometric analyses, clustering, and principal coordinate analyses (PCoA), were used to scrutinize the forming of hierarchical non-overlapping groups strictly according to degree of morphological similarity. Twenty-four characters were scored for 65 specimens from herbaria (including type material) and for new collections from our fieldwork. We discuss the taxonomic status of S. gilliesii and S. lasiopus and present nomenclature notes for S. gilliesii. Also, some misidentified herbaria collections have led to the discovery of a Serpocaulon species (S. lasiopus), a new record for the Argentinian flora. Finally, a revised key to the pinnatisect species of Serpocaulon in Argentina is provided.

Polypodium s.s. is currently a fern genus with about 40 species, and still with a controversial circumscription. The Flora of Brazil online reports just one Polypodium species in Brazil. Here we confirm the occurrence of a second species of the genus in Brazil, and present a taxonomic treatment of Polypodium from this country; this includes descriptions, an identification key, diagnostic illustrations, and comments on the species. The genus is represented in Brazil by two species: Polypodium flagellare and P. kunzeanum. In addition, a lectotypification is proposed.

ResumoEste estudo trata dos táxons de Pteridaceae encontrados nas formações ferríferas da Serra dos Carajás, estado do Pará, com descrições, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários. AbstractThis study addressed the Pteridaceae taxa recorded in ferruginous formations of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará state, with descriptions, illustrations, geographical distribution, and comments. In the study area nine genera and 10 species were recorded:

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Four new species of Goniopteris from Brazil are described and illustrated: Goniopteris smithii and G. windischii are narrowly endemic to southern Bahia, G. seidleri is restricted to the mountains of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states, and G. subdimorpha is endemic to semideciduous forests of Minas Gerais state.

ResumoEste estudo trata dos táxons de Dryopteridaceae encontrados nas formações ferríferas da Serra dos Carajás, estado do Pará, com descrições, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários. Na área estudada foram registrados quatro gêneros e quatro espécies: Ctenitis nigrovenia, Dryopteris huberi, Elaphoglossum glabellum e Polybotrya sorbifolia. Palavras-chave: Amazônia, Ctenitis, Dryopteris, Elaphoglossum, Polybotrya, samambaias. AbstractThis study addressed the Dryopteridaceae taxa recorded in ferruginous formations of Serra dos Carajás, Pará state, bringing descriptions, illustrations, geographical distribution, and comments. In the study area four genera and four species were recorded: Ctenitis nigrovenia, Dryopteris huberi, Elaphoglossum glabellum and Polybotrya sorbifolia.

Resumo Este estudo trata dos táxons de Aspleniaceae encontrados nas formações ferríferas da Serra dos Carajás, estado do Pará, com descrições, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários. Na área estudada foram registrados um gênero e quatro espécies: Asplenium formosum, Asplenium salicifolium, Asplenium serratum, Asplenium stuebelianum.