Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in children is a procedure with a low rate of major complications and a high rate of minor bleeding not requiring intervention. Treatment with low-dose acetylsalicylic acid did not increase bleeding incidence or total complication rate. Low-molecular-weight heparin and biopsies from focal lesions were risk factors for bleeding complications. Routine ultrasound the day after the procedure did not change handling of the patients.

Major complications are infrequent after pediatric liver biopsies and no relation between operator experience and major complications was found. We found a significant, but minor, effect of operator procedure frequency on the rate of minor bleeding incidents after ultrasound-guided pediatric liver biopsies.

Autologous fat transplantation to the velopharynx resulted in a significant reduction of the velopharyngeal distance and the velopharyngeal gap area during phonation, as measured by MRI. This was in accordance with a significant improvement in nasal turbulence. However, hypernasality and audible nasal emission did not change significantly and could not be correlated to the MRI findings.

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ERCP is feasible and safe in the workup of neonatal cholestasis where other imaging modalities are inconclusive. Despite the expanding role of magnetic resonance cholangiography, ERCP may still have a role in the multidisciplinary workup of these patients.