Sleep disorders are a common problem during childhood. The consequences are variable, and sleep disorders can influence medical, psychological and developmental aspects of the growing child. It is important to recognize sleep disorders and to treat them correctly. We discuss common sleep disorders during childhood using the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. We analyze the different sleep disorders from a clinical approach and provide an overview of adequate treatment options.Conlusion: This review discusses common sleep disorders during childhood using the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. We analyze the different sleep disorders from a clinical approach and provide an overview of adequate treatment options. What is known: • Sleep disorders are a common problem during childhood. • The consequences are variable, and sleep disorders can influence medical, psychological, and developmental aspects of the growing child. What is new: • Pediatricians should routinely screen for sleep and sleep disorders. • It is important to recognize sleep disorders and to treat them correctly.

Background: Alcohol use among medical specialists remains a delicate topic. However, the number of prevalence studies remains very limited in Western European countries. Aims: To explore alcohol use and hazardous drinking among male and female medical specialists. Methods: All medical specialists in Belgium – a typical Western European country regarding alcohol use – were invited to participate. Alcohol use and abuse were measured using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and the CAGE screen (acronym based on the four items it contains: ‘Cut down drinking’, ‘Annoyed by criticism’, ‘Guilty feelings’ and ‘Eye opener’). Results: A sample of 1,501 specialists completed the survey. The composition of the sample was comparable with that of the overall population of specialists in Belgium regarding gender, age and specialties. A proportion of 18% of the specialists could be classified as hazardous drinkers and 16.8% reported binge drinking at least once a month. Female medical specialists drank less than their male counterparts; however, a substantial proportion of female specialists (14.9%) displayed higher risk levels of hazardous drinking. Significant differences were found between specialties on the CAGE screen. Finally, younger medical specialists tended to display healthier alcohol use patterns compared with their older counterparts. Conclusion: Medical specialists tend to indulge in more hazardous drinking compared with the general population (10%). The alcohol use patterns of female doctors tend to move towards those of males.

Research-informed adaptation of mainstream behavioural family interventions, such as Group Triple P, could make 'suitable support' more readily available, and more engaging for parents with ID.

Many patients who visit a centre for hereditary metabolic diseases remarkably also suffer from a child psychiatric disorder. Those child psychiatric disorders may be the first sign or manifestation of an underlying metabolic disorder. Lack of knowledge of metabolic disorders in child psychiatry may lead to diagnoses being missed. Patients therefore are also at risk for not accessing efficacious treatment and proper counselling. To search the literature for the co-occurrence of child psychiatric disorders, such as ADHD, autism, psychosis, learning disorders and eating disorders and metabolic disorders. A search of the literature was conducted by performing a broad search on PubMed, using the terms “ADHD and metabolic disorders”, “autism and metabolic disorders”, “psychosis and metabolic disorders”, “learning disorders and metabolic disorders”, and “eating disorders and metabolic disorders”. Based on inclusion criteria (concerning a clear psychiatric disorder and concerning a metabolic disorder) 4441 titles and 249 abstracts were screened and resulted in 71 relevant articles. This thorough literature search provides child and adolescent psychiatrists with an overview of metabolic disorders associated with child psychiatric symptoms, their main characteristics and recommendations for further investigations.

Interagency collaboration has many advantages, but seems hard to realise in practice. In Belgium, the need for collaboration between the practitioners in the field of child welfare and child psychiatry, especially for children and adolescents with complex health care needs, was identified. Children with complex health care needs require coordinated care and collaboration between the different sectors in child mental health care (child welfare, child psychiatry, disability care). The authors have developed a standardised protocol based on the wraparound principles, which support interagency collaboration with family participation, named Client Network Consultation (CNC). Focus groups evaluated the CNC by eliciting practitioners' views on the structure, content and impact of collaborative interagency protocols with family involvement. Thematic analysis revealed four core themes: (1) Empowering the child and the family; (2) Utilising the strength of the collective; (3) Being considerate versus constructive a dilemma for participants in CNC; and (4) The structure of a protocol offers opportunities and challenges. Results of the study offer implications for daily practice. Several challenges for interprofessional (IP) practice in the complex field of child and adolescent mental health care are described. The value of the CNC protocol to engage families in a clinical process is also discussed.

Aim(s): The aim of the study was to explore perspectives of hospitalised patients with schizophrenia or a bipolar disorder and their healthcare providers on medication self-management. Methods: In a qualitative descriptive design, semi-structured interviews were used. Forty-nine interviews were completed (nurses n = 18; psychiatrists n = 3; hospital pharmacists n = 2; patients n = 26). Data analysis was iterative using an inductive and thematic approach. Results: From the thematic analysis of the interviews, three main themes emerged: monitoring and shared decision-making, relationship based on trust, and patient satisfaction and rehabilitation; as well as three sub-themes: available tools, patient readiness, and safety. Regular monitoring and follow-ups were considered conditions for medication self-management. All stakeholders considered that the patient, the nursing staff, and the psychiatrist should all be involved in the process of medication self-management. All healthcare providers emphasized the importance of regular re-evaluations of the patient and were worried about medication errors and misuse. Most patients considered medication self-management during hospitalisation to increase their confidence, self-reliance, and satisfaction. Many participants thought it would make a positive contribution to the recovery process. Discussion: All stakeholders were positive towards medication self-management under specific conditions. According to the participants, medication self-management offered many benefits, including the implementation of more structure for the patient, an ameliorated preparatory phase towards discharge, and an actual improvement of future adherence. All participants considered medication self-management to contribute to more profound medication knowledge and an overall improvement of their health literacy. Implications and future perspectives: These findings will be used to develop a medication self-management tool in hospitalised patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders.

Background: Multiple and complex needs (MCN) in children and youth jeopardize their development and pose significant challenges to the different professionals they meet. However, there is no agreed-upon definition of this vulnerable population. Objectives: To develop a definition of 'MCN in children and youth' that is meaningful for all professionals involved in care delivery for this population. Method: A cross-sector, multidisciplinary, and geographically spread panel of 47 experts representing mental health, youth care, juvenile justice, and education in Flanders participated in an online Delphi study. Qualitative analysis of answers in the first round yielded four definition possibilities that participants then ranked in the second round. In the last round, participants rated their agreement with the highest ranked definition. An additional survey asked 25 international experts to rate and comment their agreement with the final definition. Results: The final definition was: Children and adolescents with profound and interacting needs in the context of issues on several life domains (family context, functioning and integration in society) as well as psychiatric problems. The extent of their needs exceeds the capacity (expertise and resources) of existing services and sequential interventions lead to discontinuous care delivery. As such, existing services do not adequately meet the needs of these youths and their families. Cross-sector, integrated and assertive care delivery is necessary for safeguarding the wellbeing, development and societal integration of these young people. Response rates to the three Delphi rounds were 76.6, 89.1, and 91.3%. The definition was widely endorsed among Flemish (93.2% agreement) and international experts (88% agreement). Conclusion: A definition of MCN in children and youth was constructed using the Delphi method and further evaluated for international relevance in an additional survey. Such an agreed-upon definition can be valuable for optimizing care delivery and conducting research.

Sensory processing of these toddlers had changed after anesthesia. Children with more pre-existent emotional/behavioral problems are more vulnerable to these changes.