Introduction: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is a useful diagnostic tool for assessing eyes’ health in patients with chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, Parkinson’s disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aim: To detect changes in macular structure and retinal vascular meshwork in the macular area and peripapillary in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 80 eyes of patients with CKD in stages 2, 3 or 4, who were followed-up in the Nephrology Clinic of University Clinical Center Sarajevo. All patients were categorized according to the stage of CKD. All patients were scanned by a high-speed 840-nm-wavelength spectral-domain optical coherence tomography instrument (RTVue XR Avanti; Optovue, Inc, Fremont, California, USA). Blood flow was detected using a split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm. A fully automated microstructural analysis of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), FAZ perimeter, foveal vessel density in a 300-μm area around the FAZ (FD), nonflow area, flow index in superficial and deep vascular plexus, choriocapillary flow, vascular density, radial peripapillary capillary density was performed. Results: When comparing patients with CKD stage 2 and stage 3 there were no statistically significant changes in microvascular parameters on OCT angiography, as well as when comparing patients with CKD stage 3 and stage 4. But in the comparison between patients with less developed CKD (stage 2) and terminal CKD (stage 4) there was a significant difference between some microvascular parameters such as FAZ area, FAZ perimeter, choriocapillary flow. Conclusion: Many studies demonstrated that evaluation of the microvascular changes in different retinal layers using SS-OCTA may be considered as a key to assessing the systemic perfusion status. Evaluation of retinal microvasculature may ease the management and approach of patients with CKD, having in mind that the retinal and the kidney vascular network are, concerning structure, development and the function, very similar.

Introduction: Monitoring and diagnosing glaucoma until 2017 included funduscopy, IOP measurements, gonioscopy, pachymetry, as well as visual field tests, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Radial peripapillary capillaries (RPC) can be observed by fluorescein angiography, as well as histologically - superficial and deep capillary layer. Aim: To correlate density of radial peripapillary capillary network (RPC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in eight peripapillary segments in patients with a primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) which have the disease under 10 years of duration, over 10 years of duration and in a group of healthy patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional review which included three groups of patients: POAG patients under 10 years of disease duration, over 10 years of disease duration and control group of patients. The study is performed on the commercial optical coherence tomography angiography system (AngioVue, Avanti RTVue-XR, Optovue, CA). Sectoral RPC density values, RPC maps and RNFL thickness were analyzed in three groups of patients, data was compared and correlation between parameters was examined. Results: Mean RPC Density values in both superior segments (S1, S2) were significantly lower in patients with glaucoma over 10 years of disease duration compared to patients with glaucoma under 10 years of disease duration (p<0.05). Statistically significant positive correlation was established between RNFL thickness and RPC density in all eight peripapillary segments. Conclusion: Analysis of radial peripapillary capillary network density on optical coherence tomography angiography may provide an earliest functional sign of progressive optic nerve disease and new insights into the pathophysiology of glaucomatous damage.

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Purpose: To monitor the changes in the ABCD grading system during a one-year follow-up after a corneal cross-linking (CXL) procedure. Methods: This prospective study included 30 eyes of 25 patients with keratoconus, who received the CXL treatment. The patients with a history of ocular trauma or surgery and other corneal pathology were excluded from the study. The patients were examined at the baseline visit and followed up at 3, 6, and 12 months after the CXL. All the patients underwent a standard CXL procedure with visual acuity and Scheimpflug tomography testing at each visit. The corneal parameters and ABCD grading were monitored throughout the follow-up period. Results: There were no significant changes of parameter A and anterior radius curvature (ARC) in the ABCD grading system. Parameters B and D showed progression postoperatively, with an improvement of parameter D on the final visit. Parameter C showed a statistically significant increase at all three post-CXL visits, but a constant gradual decrease in the value over time. Conclusion: The ABCD grading system can be very useful in monitoring the progression of keratoconus (KC), but it can also help in monitoring the efficacy of corneal cross-linking. The anterior surface parameters in the ABCD grading system did not show progression in the post-CXL period, and parameters C and D showed improvement and stability a year after the procedure.

Introduction: To show the importance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography imaging of superficial and deep capillary network in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and to show the correlation between blood glucose level and changes in the foveal microvasculature. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on eyes with NPDR and healthy subjects using a highspeed 840-nm-wavelength spectral-domain optical coherence tomography instrument (RTVue XR Avanti; Optovue, Inc, Fremont, California, USA). Blood flow was detected using the split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm. A fully automated microstructural analysis of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and avascular surfaces was performed. Quantitative values from diabetic patients were compared with those of healthy subjects. Data about blood status in diabetic patients and healthy subjects were taken from patients’ medical history. Results: Size of both, FAZ and vascular dropout are significantly different between healthy patients and patients with NPDR. OCT angiography detected enlargement and distortion of the foveal avascular zone, retinal capillary dropout, and a higher number of vascular loops and microaneurysms. Sizes of FAZ and vascular dropout increase with the duration of disease. Central macular thickness (CMT) is not significantly different between healthy patients and patients with NPDR. A study has proven a positive correlation between the size of FAZ and the size of vascular dropout in superficial vascular plexus in patients that have DM over 10 years. Conclusion: A qualitative and quantitative OCT angiography approach to retinal vascular status can offer objective data on monitoring patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy as well as indicate the progression of the disease.