In the era of rapid climate change, abiotic stresses are the primary cause for yield gap in major agricultural crops. Among them, salinity is considered a calamitous stress due to its global distribution and consequences. Salinity affects plant processes and growth by imposing osmotic stress and destroys ionic and redox signaling. It also affects phytohormone homeostasis, which leads to oxidative stress and eventually imbalances metabolic activity. In this situation, signaling compound crosstalk such as gasotransmitters [nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), calcium (Ca), reactive oxygen species (ROS)] and plant growth regulators (auxin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid) have a decisive role in regulating plant stress signaling and administer unfavorable circumstances including salinity stress. Moreover, recent significant progress in omics techniques (transcriptomics, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) have helped to reinforce the deep understanding of molecular insight in multiple stress tolerance. Currently, there is very little information on gasotransmitters and plant growth regulator crosstalk and inadequacy of information regarding the integration of multi-omics technology during salinity stress. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the crucial cell signaling crosstalk mechanisms and integrative multi-omics techniques to provide a more direct approach for salinity stress tolerance. To address the above-mentioned words, this review covers the common mechanisms of signaling compounds and role of different signaling crosstalk under salinity stress tolerance. Thereafter, we mention the integration of different omics technology and compile recent information with respect to salinity stress tolerance.

A b s t r a c t A r t i c l e I n f oThe development of molecular genetics and associated technology like marker assisted selection has led to the emergence of a new field in plant breeding-Gene pyramiding. Pyramiding entails stacking multiple genes leading to the simultaneous expression of more than one gene in a variety to develop durable resistance expression. Gene pyramiding is gaining considerable importance as it would improve the efficiency of plant breeding leading to the development of genetic stocks and precise development of broad spectrum resistance capabilities. The success of gene pyramiding depends upon several critical factors, including the number of genes to be transferred, the distance between the target genes and flanking markers, the number of genotype selected in each breeding generation, the nature of germplasm etc. Innovative tools such as DNA chips, micro arrays, SNPs are making rapid strides, aiming towards assessing the gene functions through genome wide experimental approaches. The power and efficiency of genotyping are expected to improve in the coming decades.

Forage crops feed approximately 1.52 billion cattle, 1.21 billion sheep, 1.02 billion goats and 0.21 billion buffalo globally to support the production of miscellaneous dairy products, meat and wool and provide a sustainable income to farmers, particularly in the developing countries, and endow with valuable ecosystem services (FAOSTAT, 2016(FAOSTAT, , 2020Lee, 2018). Livestock commodities contribute nearly $ 1.4 trillion to the global economy, including the support of approximately 0.60 billion resource-poor smallholder farmers, and engage over 1.3 billion individuals (Lee, 2018;Robinson et al., 2011). Round the year, availability of high-quality fodder is a critical determinant of the livestock sector's success (Maheswari et al., 2017;Mishra et al., 2008). However, breeding for forage quality traits is considered an important secondary activity compared with higher forage yield, disease and pest tolerance. Altogether, forage nutritional quality traits are underrated and are not considered a market price determinant factor-like forage biomass (Battenfield et al., 2016). The quality fodder and feed can have a high digestibility, high non-structural carbohydrates, high crude protein, moderate tannins, high palatability, high sulphur amino acid, adequate minerals and low anti-nutritional factor (ANFs; Krämer-Schmid et al., 2016;Wilkins, 2018).However, the indisputable fact is that the extent of forage crop's palatability would regulate the foraging velocity and livestock intake rate. Bailey et al. (1996) reported a reduced foraging velocity and high intake rate in areas where highly palatable forage crops prevail. Forage nutritional quality regulates the migration of ruminants

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a free-radical gasotransmitter signaling molecule associated with a varied spectrum of signal transduction pathways linked to inducing cross-adaptation against abiotic stresses. It has crucial roles from seed germination to plant maturity, depending upon its cellular concentration. The functional cross-talk of NO among different stress signaling cascades leads to alteration in the expression of developmental genes that regulate biosynthesis and function of plant growth regulators (PGRs). NO-PGRs and secondary signaling compounds cross-talk trigger reprogramming of stress-responsive gene expressions, transcriptional gene modulations, redox regulating machinery, oxidative metabolisms, and multiple regulatory pathways under plant abiotic stress. Recent findings suggest NO as critical components of numerous plant signaling network that interplays with auxin, gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), H 2 O 2 , melatonin, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), salicylic acid (SA), and other PGRs to modulate growth and development under multiple stresses. Considering the importance of NO signaling crosstalk under stress adaptation, in this review, we point out the biosynthesis and metabolism of NO and its crosstalk with numerous other signaling compounds. Further, recent cellular and molecular advances in NO signaling cross-talk under abiotic stress adaptations also have been discussed.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may present with bewildering arrays of signs & symptoms. Diagnosis often become difficult and requires a high degree of clinical suspicion for the disease. We here by present a case of 11 year old girl which have unusual presentation.

This review outlines a literature-based approach with illustrative examples of drug repurposing (one molecule, multiple targets), which will be useful in tackling the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Globally, the demands for new drugs have increased due to multidrug-resistant pathogens and emerging viruses. Keeping these facts in view, drug repurposing started for utilization of a drug in a different way from a preexisting drug, which reduces the time and cost of development of a new drug. Repurposing increases the potency of a drug and reduces its toxicity level, as it is required in lower amounts, supporting the utilization of the drug as a new therapeutic option. This will be further explored to highlight the application in AMR.

Oat is an important cereal crop commonly used for food, feed and forage due to its high nutritional quality and beneficial effects on human health and livestock productivity (Choubey et al., 2003).In the last few decades, salinity has emerged as a major threat to crop production, as it influences the plant growth at different developmental stages. Notably, almost 80 million ha of the world's arable land is prone to salinity stress with globally 20% (45 million ha) of irrigated and 2% (32 million ha) of dry lands constrained by salinity (Munns, 2005). Intensity of salt affected soils is expected to be aggravated in the coming years due to unsustainable irrigation, traces of toxic sodium containing salts in irrigation water and rising water tables (Deinlein et al., 2014). Global climate changes scenarios, such as drought and heat, result in excessive evaporation and salt accumulation in the soil, which also increases soil salinity at the rate of 10% annually (Shrivastava & Kumar, 2015;Tester, 2003;Zhu et al., 2015). Salinization under field conditions is a global problem and a crucial factor to limit oat production and productivity. Oat is reported to have moderate tolerance to salinity and it can be grown in soil having high salt concentrations and high pH (Bai et al., 2013).However, studies on evaluating the morpho-physiological and