ÖZ INTRODUCTIONLuminescent semiconductor nano crystals of size 1-10 nanometers with rich surface chemistry and unique optical properties are called quantum dots (QDs). Different compounds belonging to group 2 to 4 and 3 to 5, e.g., Ag, Cd, Zn, Hg, Se, Ln, Pb, P, and Te lead to the formation of QDs. These have become an obligatory tool for traceable targeted delivery, biomedical research, and different therapy applications. Longterm fluorescence imaging and the detection of the properties of these nanoparticles (NPs) have made them imperative in biomedical research. Different properties of QDs such as resistance to photobleaching, superior signal brightness, larger absorption coefficients, light emission, and contemporaneous excitation of different fluorescence colors make them unique, as well as indispensable. Advances in quantum surface chemistry studies have led to the development of polymer-encapsulated probes with high fluorescence properties that are stable under complex biologic conditions. To use QDs in biologic studies, it is extremely important to cap or passivate the ZnS or CdS layer around the QD (CdSe). This layering of ZnS or CdS leads to the improvement of the fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of QDs and provides protection against photo-oxidation. QDs have had a major impact in molecular diagnostics and in tissue molecular KKN, ayırt edici özellik olarak, 10 nm'den daha küçük boyutu olan, küçük karbon nanopartiküllerdir ve izlenebilir hedeflenmiş salım, biyomedikal araştırma ve farklı terapi uygulamaları için zorunlu bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, KKN'nın sentezi, karakterizasyon teknikleri ve biyomedikal uygulamaları ile ilgili güncel literatürü bir araya getirmekti. KKN sentezi için iki tip yapay yöntem yani yukarıdan aşağıya yaklaşım ve aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşım kullanıldı. Yukarıdan aşağıya doğru yaklaşım, ark boşaltma yöntemini, lazer ablasyon yöntemini ve elektrokimyasal yöntemi içermektedir. Öte yandan aşağıdan yukarı yaklaşım, termal yöntem, mikrodalga destekli yöntem, hidrotermal ve sulu yöntem ve kalıp yöntemini içerir. Bu derlemede, CQD'nin biyomedikal alanda son dönemdeki ilerlemesini, sentetik yöntemlerine, karakterizasyonuna ve farklı uygulamalara odaklanarak açıkladık. Karbon noktaları, in vivo ve in vitro biyolojik görüntüleme ve etken madde salım çalışmaları için kapsamlı yeterliliğe sahiptir. Karbon noktaları için daha fazla sitotoksisite araştırması yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmasına rağmen, önceki veriler etken madde salımı ve biyolojik görüntüleme çalışmalarında karbon noktalarının parlak geleceğini göstermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Karbon kuantum noktalar, nanopartiküller, kuantum verimi, karbon nokta, fotolüminesans, nanokompozitler CQD are small carbon nanoparticles smallerl than 10 nm comprising distinctive properties, which have become an obligatory tool for traceable targeted delivery, biomedical research, and different therapy applications. The objective of the present work was to consolidate the current literature on the synthesis, characterizati...

Background Wound is an anatomical and functional disruption of the skin following an injury. In response to the injury, wound healing is a complex process of tissue repair or remodeling. Historically, plants and plant-based constituents have been extensively used for the treatment and management of different types of wounds. In the current times, different types of biopolymers are being researched for developing economical, sustainable, stable, and effective delivery system for the treatment of wounds. Main text The present review article attempts to enlist medicinal plants which have been reported to be effective in the treatment of wounds. Plant constituent-based wound dressings have also been discussed systematically including patented formulations reported by different inventors. Conclusion The compiled data aims to update the researchers/scientists which will be helpful in providing them a directional view in understanding the role and importance of plant-based components for the treatment and management of wounds.

Current advancements in nanotechnology and nanoscience have resulted in new nanomaterials, which may pose health and environmental risks. Furthermore, several researchers are working to optimize ecologically friendly procedures for creating metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The primary goal is to decrease the adverse effects of synthetic processes, their accompanying chemicals, and the resulting complexes. Utilizing various biomaterials for nanoparticle preparation is a beneficial approach in green nanotechnology. Furthermore, using the biological qualities of nature through a variety of activities is an excellent way to achieve this goal. Algae, plants, bacteria, and fungus have been employed to make energy-efficient, low-cost, and nontoxic metallic nanoparticles in the last few decades. Despite the environmental advantages of using green chemistry-based biological synthesis over traditional methods as discussed in this article, there are some unresolved issues such as particle size and shape consistency, reproducibility of the synthesis process, and understanding of the mechanisms involved in producing metallic nanoparticles via biological entities. Consequently, there is a need for further research to analyze and comprehend the real biological synthesis-dependent processes. This is currently an untapped hot research topic that required more investment to properly leverage the green manufacturing of metallic nanoparticles through living entities. The review covers such green methods of synthesizing nanoparticles and their utilization in the scientific world.

The present study has been designed to pharmacologically investigate the role of opioid and γ -aminobutyric acid receptors on the seizurogenic effect of tramadol. A single injection of pentylenetetrazole (80 mg/kg) was used to elicit seizure activity in mice. Seizures were assessed in terms of the time latency of the onset of Straub's tail phenomenon, onset of jerky movements of whole body, convulsions and death. Tramadol administration (50 mg/kg) caused a marked increase in seizurogenic activity of pentylenetetrazole as measured in terms of a significant decrease in the time latency of the onset of Straub's tail phenomenon, jerky movements of whole body, convulsions and death. Moreover, prior administration of naloxone (2 mg/kg) and gabapentin (25 mg/kg), respectively, attenuated the seizurogenic activity that tramadol exerted on pentylenetetrazole-treated mice. Furthermore, prior administration of naloxone (2 mg/kg) and gabapentin (25 mg/kg), respectively, also attenuated the seizurogenic activity exerted by tramadol per se . Therefore, it is suggested that tramadol exerts a seizurogenic effect on mice possibly via an opioid-dependent γ -aminobutyric acid inhibitory pathway., is a centrally acting analgesic used clinically for the treatment of postoperative and cancer pain. Tramadol binds to opioid receptors with low affinity and inhibits reuptake of monoamines such as norepinephrine and serotonin in the central nervous system, resulting in the activation of the descending inhibitory system [1,2]. These actions are believed to primarily contribute to tramadol's antinociceptive effect. At clinically relevant doses, tramadol has been shown to slightly suppress the severity of seizures [3]. However, at relatively higher doses, tramadol has paradoxically been proven to induce seizures [3]. Although γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors were not affected by tramadol at clinical doses, at higher concentrations tramadol has been shown to exert an inhibitory effect on GABA receptors [4]. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of GABA receptors has been reported to potentiate the severity of seizures in various animal models [5]. Furthermore, this inhibition of GABA receptors induced by tramadol has been shown to be secondary to its opioid receptor agonist activity. In addition, continued pharmacological opioid receptor agonist activity has been proven to precipitate seizures via a GABA inhibitory pathway [6,7]. Therefore, the present study has been designed to pharmacologically investigate the role of opioid and GABA receptors in the seizurogenic effect of tramadol on pentylenetetrazole-treated mice and on seizure-like behavioural symptomatology precipitated per se by tramadol. Materials and MethodsMale inbred Swiss albino mice, weighing 25 ± 2 g, maintained on a standard laboratory diet (Kisan Feeds Ltd., Mumbai, India) with free access to tap water, were employed in the present study. They were housed in the departmental animal house and were exposed to a 12-hr light:dark cycle. The experiments were conducte...

Voriconazole is a second-generation antifungal agent with excellent broad spectrum of antifungal activity commercially available for oral and intravenous administration. Systemic administration of voriconazole is associated with side effects including visual and hepatic abnormalities. This study assessed the feasibility of using solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery of voriconazole adopting stearic acid as lipidic material, tween 80 as a stabilizer, and Carbopol 934 as controlled release agent and for increasing the precorneal residence time in eye. The systems were prepared using two different methods, that is, ultrasonication method and microemulsion technique. The results indicated that the larger particle size of SLNs was found with microemulsion technique (308 ± 3.52 nm to 343 ± 3.51) compared to SLN prepared with ultrasonication method (234 ± 3.52 nm to 288 ± 4.58 nm). The polydispersity index values were less than 0.3 for all formulations and zeta potential of the prepared formulations by these two methods varied from −22.71 ± 0.63 mV to −28.86 ± 0.58 mV. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicated decrease in crystallinity of drug. The in vitro release study and the SLN formulations prepared with ultrasonication method demonstrated sustained release up to 12 hours. This study demonstrated that SLN prepared by ultrasonication method is more suitable than microemulsion technique without causing any significant effect on corneal hydration level.