Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid commonly distributed in the plant kingdom and is found in edible fruits and vegetables. It is a naturally occurring triterpene that is used to reduce the inflammatory responses and also have immunomodulating properties. Lupeol and its derivatives have a great potential to act as an anti- inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic, anti-protozoal, and cholesterol-lowering agent. Various studies have shown that anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol through the modulation of p-38 pathways inhibits neuroinflammation in the cerebellum and induces neuroprotection. It has been also found effective on lung cancer (i.e A427 cancer cells and normal MRC-5 cells). Observation of inhibiting the growth of lung cancer cells is checked by MTT assay. Lupeol and its ester lupeol linoleate have been used to reduce the levels of hypercholesterolemia in the rats and decrease the activities of such enzymes namely Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+. Lupeol also decreases the levels of calcium-oxalate and has cytoprotective action against free-radical-induced damage and also decreases the level of cadmium in the kidney. Keywords: Lupeol, anti- inflammatory, anti-protozoal, triterpenoids

Objective: In the present investigation, fast dissolving tablets of cefpodoxime proxetil were formulated using superdisintegrants to impart fast disintegration. Methods: In the current study, 12 formulations of fast dissolving tablets of cefpodoxime proxetil were formulated using two different approaches viz., direct compression and sublimation. Three different superdisintegrants viz., croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, and crospovidone were used in a different concentration in all the respective formulations. The final powder blend was subjected for the pre-compression evaluation and all the formulations were evaluated for post-compression parameters. Stability studies were also evaluated for the best formulations as per ICH guidelines. Finally, results were statistically analyzed by the application of one way ANOVA test and t-test. Results: Among all the formulations of different approaches, formulation cefpodoxime proxetil 4 (CP4) containing 6% crospovidone as a super disintegrant was showed the best results. In vitro dissolution data revealed that formulation CP4 prepared by direct compression method showed 99.387±0.270% drug release within 15 min whereas the percentage release by formulation prepared by using sublimation showed 83.927±0.735% release. The optimized formulation was further subjected to comparative in vitro study with two marketed formulation of different brands. Conclusion: All the data of all formulations is shows that direct compression approach is the best approach for developing the fast dissolving tablets to enhance the onset of action and bioavailability.

Objective: A new, simple, precise, accurate, and reproducible method or simultaneous equation method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of terbinafine hydrochloride (TH) and fluconazole (FLZ) in pure form. Methods: Simultaneous estimation of terbinafine hydrochloride and fluconazole was estimated by the ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry method. The method was based on the measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths 222 nm and 239 nm, of terbinafine hydrochloride and fluconazole in 0.1N HCl respectively. Results: Calibration curves terbinafine hydrochloride and fluconazole were found to be linear in the concentration ranges of 0.5-3.0 μg/ml and 80-400 μg/ml, respectively, with their correlation coefficient values (R2) 0.999 and 0.998. LOD and LOQ of TH were found to be 0.067, 0.203 at 222 nm and 0.175, 0.531 at 239 nm, similarly for FLZ; 31.089, 94.210 at 222 nm and 94.380, 286.00 at 239 nm respectively. In the precision study, the % RSD value was found within limits (%). The percentage recovery at various concentration levels varied from 98.50 % to 103.96 % for TH and 97.27 % to 103.83 % for FLZ confirming that the expected method is accurate. Conclusion: It could be concluded from the results obtained in the present study that this method for simultaneous estimation of TH and FLZ in pure is simple, precise, and economical. The proposed method can be applied successfully for the simultaneous estimation of TH and FLZ in the pure and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Coronavirus pandemic or COVID-19 is a global public health emergency at this period. Presently, no pharmacological treatment is known to treat this condition. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a derivative of chloroquine (CQ), was first synthesized in 1946 by adding a hydroxyl group to CQ, which is much less toxic than CQ in animal studies. Other than being an anti-malarial drug, it was revealed to have various pharmacological effects and one of those is its anti-viral property. CQ, as well as HCQ, has been used in SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) coronavirus infection due to its antiviral properties. Even though various scientists have considered HCQ as a better therapeutic approach than CQ for the treatment of coronavirus infection, there are various adverse drug reactions associated with HCQ treatment in COVID-19 patients. In this paper, we review the anti-viral mechanism, various adverse drug reactions, and side effects of HCQ for COVID-19 treatment.

Objective: In the present research work, fast dissolving tablets of Piroxicam were formulated by two different techniques i.e. direct compression method and sublimation method using different superdisintegrants. Methods: Twelve formulations were prepared (PXM1 to PXM12) in which first six formulation were prepared by direct compression technique and other six formulation were prepared by sublimation method by using camphor as a sublimating agent. Result and Discussion: All the formulations were subjected for precompression, post compression parameters, and shows all the data within the specific limits. Formulation PXM4 containing 5 % crospovidone showed 99.480 ± 0.291 % drug release in 20 min which was more than the drug release of rest of the formulations. The optimized formulation PXM4 was compared with the marketed formulation and it revealed that drug release of PXM4 was found to be 99.397 ± 0.751 % in 20 min, which was greater than the marketed formulation. Finally, results were statistically analysed by the application of one way ANOVA and t-test. The stability study of the optimized formulation PXM4 showed no significant changes in, drug content, disintegration time and in-vitro drug release. Conclusion: Piroxicam can be successfully prepared using direct compression technique and it will enhance the drug dissolution, which will further increase absorption and bioavailability of the drug. Keywords: Direct compression, fast dissolving tablets, sublimation, Piroxicam.

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds, which are used to treatments of various diseases. In the present study, Persicaria sagittata medicinal plant was used for the preliminary phytochemical screening. Methanol and petroleum ether were used as a solvent for obtaining the extraction of the plant. Both the extracts were further study for qualitative phytochemical screening using standard methods. Phytochemical screening shows that methanolic extract possesses the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and vitamin A as tannins and flavonoids are helpful for the uric acid stones. The study reveals that medicinal plant provides a basis of its use in medicine, improve to further drugs in the pharmaceutical area, and contains different biologically active constituents, and the secondary product is valuable of further analysis.

Objective: The current study was to formulate and to evaluate itraconazole herbal oil-based cream for fungal infection. Methods: Six herbal oils were used for the formulation of itraconazole creams, namely, mustard oil (MO), olive oil (OO), wheat germ oil (WGO), jojoba oil (JO), tea tree oil (TTO), and combined oil (CO). Creams were formulated by the trituration method. Each herbal oils containing three different formulations of different concentrations of oils. Results: All the prepared formulation was evaluated successfully. Out of all the formulations from each herbal oils the best two formulations were finalized, that is, MO2 and CO2 which show the greater in vitro diffusion rate among all. Formulation MO2 shows 55.45±0.10% and CO2 showed 59.43±1.18% within 480 min, respectively. Optimized formulations were also compared with the marketed formulation, which results in formulation CO2 as the best formulation among all. Conclusion: It can be concluded that herbal oil-based cream proved better alternate than oral preparation and improve patient compliance, ease of administration, local bioavailability, and better proves for fungal infected patients.

The coronavirus disease has spread all over the world. Till now no medicine, vaccine, and any other monoclonal antibodies have been approved for the diagnosis or prevention of COVID-19. In many countries, doctors are considering “repurposing” different approved drugs like interferon-ɑ, lopinavir/ ritonavir, ribavirin, and chloroquine phosphate, etc. to treat COVID-19. Remedesivir (GS-5734) is a prodrug of monophosphoramidate of adenosine analogue. Remedesivir block the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerease (RdRp). Favipiravir (T-705) is also a prodrug and was revealed during evaluating the antiviral activity of chemical agents concerning the influenza virus. This review summarizes the status, mechanisms, preclinical research, and clinical trial progress of remedesivir and favipiravir for the treatment of COVID-19. Keywords: coronavirus disease, favipiravir, remdesivir, clinical trials, pharmacodynamics