This study assessed the urban air quality in 16 large Indonesian cities on the islands of Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua from 2010 till 2017. 24-h samples of airborne particulate matter (PM) in two size fractions, PM 2.5 (< 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM 2.5-10 (2.5-10 µm in aerodynamic diameter), were collected weekly using a Gent stacked filter unit sampler and then analyzed for their mass concentrations, black carbon (BC) content, and elemental compositions. The majority of the average annual PM 2.5 concentrations measured at the Java sites (Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya) exceeded the Indonesian annual ambient air quality standard (15 µg m-3), although the other tested locations, excluding Pekanbaru and Palangka Raya, exhibited values below the standard. During the forest fire episodes of 2015, the average daily PM 2.5 concentrations in Pekanbaru and Palangka Raya rose above the national daily ambient standard (65 µg m-3). The percentage of BC, which is associated with traffic emission and biomass burning, averaged between 15% and 26% (a significant fraction) in the PM 2.5. The concentrations of the major elements in the PM 2.5 , viz., Si, S, K, Fe, Zn, and Pb, varied widely from site to site, although all of the locations displayed enhanced levels of the crustal elements Si and S, which originated from unpaved roads and volcanic eruptions, and vehicle fuel, forest fires, and volcanic emissions, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, and Pb in Surabaya and Pb in Tangerang) were found at the heavily industrialized sites, demonstrating the effect of local industrial emissions on air quality. Our results, which are based on a crucial survey of PM concentrations and compositions in Indonesia, provide a scientific basis for * Corresponding author.
22, 19.63, 20.34, 3.86, and 2.57 ppm respectively. The results of the elemental contents of volcanic ash that has been obtained can be used as the scientific based data for volcanic material utilization by considering the economic potential of elements contained and also the danger of the heavy metals content. IntroductionMount Sinabung is a stratovolcano, located in Karo Regency, North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. It is a solitary volcano that has a single peak, and classified as B -Type, because since the 1600's there was no record of eruptive activity [1]. But on November 24, 2013, Mount Sinabung were erupted and reach the highest alert level (level 4) since it spat out black and thick smog, followed by rain sand and volcanic ash which covered thousands of hectares of farmer crops under the radius of six kilometers [2]. Volcanic ash is fragments of magma and consists of mineral, volcanic glass and also a material containing high silica and aluminum [2,3]. The composition of particles from volcanic eruptions should reflect the matrix composition of the magma. 06, 14.66, 1.88, 0.07, 0.6, 1.99, 4.18, 2.89, 0.2 % respectively [5]. These materials in the ash can provide important information on the nature of magma because chemical compositions of magma usually show distinct features of each volcano and because the assemblages and compositions of minerals
ABSTRAK KARAKTERISASI UNSUR PM 2,5 PADA PERIODE KEBAKARAN HUTAN DI PEKANBARU DENGAN TEKNIK ANALISIS AKTIVASI NEUTRON Kebakaran hutan merupakan salah satu penyebab kerusakan hutan yang berdampak pada penurunan kualitas lingkungan. Untuk mengetahui dampak kualitas udara akibat kebakaran hutan pada tahun 2015, telah dilakukan karakterisasi dan evaluasi cuplikan partikulat udara yang dikumpulkan pada periode terjadinya kebakaran hutan di Pekanbaru. Karakterisasi cuplikan telah dilakukan dengan metode AAN. Validasi metode dilakukan pengujian terhadap cuplikan bahan acuan SRM NIST 1648a Urban Particulate Matter. Konsentrasi massa PM2,5 saat terjadi kebakaran hutan di Pekanbaru terdeteksi sebesar 37 dan 83 µg/m 3 . Nilai PM2,5 pada penelitian ini telah melebihi standar konsentrasi yang ditetapkan oleh United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sebesar 35 µg/m 3 . Sedangkan hasil karakterisasi cuplikan telah teridentifikasi 15 unsur yaitu Al, dan 2,25-0,5 ng/m 3 . Dari hasil tersebut telah dievaluasi unsur karsinogenik dan non-karsinogenik masing-masing ditunjukkan dengan Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) dan Hazard Quotient (HQ) keduanya menunjukkan nilai < 1 yang mengindikasi paparan yang diterima masih berada dalam nilai yang diperbolehkan. ABSTRACT ELEMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PM2,5 IN FOREST FIRE PERIOD IN PEKANBARU BY NEUTRON ANALYSIS ACTIVATION TECHNIQUE.Forest fires are one of the causes of forest degradation which results in a decrease in environmental quality. To determine the impact of air quality due to forest fires in 2015, characterization and evaluation of air particulate samples were collected in the period of forest fires in Pekanbaru. In order to obtain an elemental composition data of airborne particulate, the characterization was carried out by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). The method validation was tested against NIST SRM 1648a Urban Particulate Matter reference material. Mass concentration of PM2.5 during forest fires occurred in Pekanbaru was detected at 37 and 83 µg/m3. The value of PM2.5 in this study has exceeded the concentration standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) of 35 µg/m3. The results of samples characterization have identified 15 elements, .3-0.21; and 2.25-0.5 ng/m3 respectively. From these results, each carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic element has been evaluated, indicated by Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) respectively, both of which show values <1 which indicate the exposure received is still within the allowed value.
Bandung area is known as the center of economic growth in West Java. Bandung is also surrounding by mountains, therefore the morphological form of its territory is like a giant bowl. The previous study showed that the concentration of Sulfur in air particulate matter from Bandung is high. The objective of this study is to examine the use of conditional probability function (CPF) to identify directions of Sulfur sources using data collected from Bandung. CPF method is an advanced tool that analyzes pollutant source contributions in relation to the winds at the site and has been applied to find source directions. Data collection were done by air particulate sampling using GENT Sampler for 24-hours, once a week in Bandung during 2012-2014. EDXRF technique was applied for Sulfur analysis. The CPF values for Sulfur presented in polar plots, for fine and coarse particles. From this polar plot, the contributions of Sulfur in fine particles were coming from all sectors in Bandung whereas, in coarse particles, Sulfur dominated from the northern sector of Bandung.
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