Aging is an inevitable and dynamic biological process that is characterized by the progressive deterioration of body systems and declines in physiological reserve capacity. Aging skin has distinct two types: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic changes reduce collagen production, blood flow, amount of skin lipid, and loss of rete ridges. Intrinsic aging or chronological aging is cannot be restored to the skin with characterized by sagging skin and some expression of excess wrinkling lines. Intrinsic aging changes in thickness and characteristics of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Histologically, epidermis thinner by leveling off the dermo-epidermal junction. In the dermis, collagen fibers become thicker and irregular than younger skin, reducing the elasticity of the skin, while hypodermis reduces lipid volume.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin inflammation found in children with a varied course caused by external and internal factors. The incidence of AD in industrialized countries is 10-20% in children and 1-3% in adults. The main etiopathogenesis of AD is genetic and skin barrier disorders, immunologic disorders, and environment. Oxidative stress (SO) is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the defense capacity of the body's antioxidant system. Uncontrolled ROS production plays a major role in various skin diseases. Oxidative stress can damage the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of keratinocytes through lipid oxidation, as well as disrupt skin barrier function, increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines and worsen AD lesions. The main objectives of this literature review are to determine the role of oxidative stress in AD and antioxidants as adjunctive therapy.

Dermatofita merupakan kelompok jamur yang mampu menginvasi keratin (kulit, kuku, rambut). Dermatofitosis di pangkal paha, genitalia, pubis, perineum, dan perianal disebut tinea kruris. Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan klinis dan diperkuat dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis dan biakan. Isolasi spesies jamur dilakukan dengan agar dekstrosa Saboraud dan identifikasi dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopik menggunakan lactophenol cotton blue. Penelitian menggunakan metode observasional deskriptif dengan rancangan potong lintang dilakukan pada pasien tinea kruris di pusat kesehatan primer Palembangpada 60 subjek penelitian yang termasuk kriteria inklusi. Berdasarkan hasil biakan, ditemukan 25 biakan jamur positif. Insidensi terbanyak pada usia kisaran 15-24 tahun dan jenis kelamin laki-laki. Sebagian besar pasien memiliki riwayat higienitas kurang baik dan tidak memiliki hewan peliharaan. Jamur Tricophyton rubrum diisolasi dari sebagian besar biakan (56%).

Introduction: In geriatrics, there are changes in structure and function results in histopathological, physiological and clinical skin changes. The conditions can cause morbidity and decreases the quality of life of patients. This study was the first study that provide the characteristics of geriatric skin disorders in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang. Methods: This study was descriptive observational with cross-sectional design using total sampling method performed among patients in Geriatric Outpatient Clinic, Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Clinic and geriatric inpatient room in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital on July-September 2019. Results: Physiological skin changes in geriatrics include xerosis cutis (13,95%), seborrheic keratosis (13,17%), guttate hypomelanosis (8,5%), senile lentigen (6,97%), freckle (2,32%), periorbital hyperpigmentation (1,55%), senile purpura (0,77%) and poikiloderma civatte (0,77%). The most skin disorder found were lichen simplex chronicus (11,1%), pressure ulcers (9,25%), senile pruritus (8,32%), asteatotic dermatitis (6.47%) and candidiasis (3,7%). The most common comorbid condition were diabetes mellitus in 16 patients (22,5%), CVD in 7 patients (9,9%), hypertension in 6 patients (8,5%), AKI in 6 patients (8,5 %), and HHD in 4 patients (5,6%). Diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with xerosis cutis (p = 0,0007), senile pruritus (p = 0,015), and guttate hypomelanosis (p = 0,016). Conclusion: The most physiological skin changes found in geriatric patients in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital were xerosis cutis, seborrheic keratosis, and guttate hypomelanosis, while skin disorder were lichen simplex chronicus, pressure ulcer, and senile pruritus. Diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with skin disorders.

Scabies is a global disease with a high prevalence, causing morbidity and even mortality, especially in poor and developing countries. However, it is often misdiagnosed due to varied and unspecified lesions. The gold standard technique for diagnosis is a microscopic examination, which requires experienced experts in finding mites, mainly in ordinary scabies. CO1 and ITS2 genes have been widely used in molecular identification to detect Sarcoptes scabiei and its variants. This study aimed to determine and compare the sensitivity and specificity of CO1 and ITS2 S. scabiei genes to the microscopic examination of scabies skin scrapings. The skin scrapings of 52 subjects with scabies diagnosed by anamnesis, physical examination, and dermoscopic examination were examined under a microscope and analyzed by nested PCR. The diagnostic test result showed that the sensitivity of nested PCR of both CO1 and ITS2 genes to micro‐ scope examination was 100%. However, the specificity of both CO1 and ITS2 nested PCR was poor (24% and 0%). Hence, CO1 and ITS2 nested PCR could be more suitable for screening ordinary scabies in humans than the microscopic examination.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum (T. Palladium). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, decreased the number of CD4 cells that makes the immune system decrease, and facilitates syphilis infection. Syphilis increased the risk of spreading HIV infection with skin barrier destruction. The diagnosis of syphilis is made based on a complete history, including sexual history, clinical manifestations, and examination. The treatment of syphilis with HIV and without HIV similar, penicillin is still the gold standard for syphilis treatment with HIV. Prevention of syphilis with HIV are educated, screening for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections, as well as early detection and therapy of partners. The prognosis for syphilis in HIV is worse than for syphilis without HIV.

Introduction: Based on data from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease, it is known that Indonesia is the country with the highest number of scabies incidences out of 195 countries in the world. In addition to humans, scabies is also an infectious disease in mammals with a prevalence of 300 million infestations every year, even in animals the mortality rate from scabies is very high. Until now, it is still unclear whether there is a cross-infestation between human and animal scabies. Morphologically, S. scabiei between variants cannot be distinguished, while research on genetic variation is still not much done. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies to enrich genetic information and phylogenetic analysis. Methods: The samples tested were positive PCR results for ITS 2 and CO 1 genes, each on five amplicons, namely three S. scabiei var. hominis, one var. cuniculi, and one var. marmoota. Phylogenetics were arranged based on the closeness of the base arrangement in variants and geographically available in NCBI. Results: Of the five sample isolates studied, the ITS 2 gene amplicon is located in the 417bp band and the phylogenetic analysis of its sequencing has two branches that are unable to distinguish var. hominis and var. animalia. The CO1 gene has electrophoretic results at 317 bp as well as phylogenetic analysis results that specifically divide branches between var. hominis and var. animalia. Conclusion: S. scabiei var. hominis and var. marmoota, and var. cuniculi are distinct species and are host monospecific.

ABSTRAKGiant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) merupakan penyakit langka yang timbul saat lahir akibat sel melanosit tumbuh berlebih. Lesi pada GCMN sering ditemukan pada area punggung dan paha. Gambaran lesi berupa bercak hiperpigmentasi dengan ukuran lebih dari 20 cm dan terdapat rambut. Kondisi ini sering dihubungkan dengan neurokutaneus melanositosis dan melanoma maligna. Risiko neurokutaneus melanositosis meningkat signifikans bila lesi giant nevi terdapat pada regio kranial atau garis midline atau disertai lesi satelit. Rerata kumulatif risiko terjadinya melanoma dalam 5 tahun sebesar 4,5%. Pendekatan terapi masih menjadi tantangan dan bersifat individual bergantung pada usia, lokasi lesi, ukuran, risiko melanoma dan kemungkinan kelainan fungsi akibat tindakan invasif yang dilakukan serta dampak fisiologis terhadap luka pasca tindakan. Dilaporkan bayi perempuan usia 2 hari, lahir pervaginam, cukup bulan dari seorang ibu P4A0 menderita SLE yang diterapi metilprednisolon selama kehamilan. Status generalis dalam batas normal. Status dermatologikus pada regio skalp, fasialis, trunkus, ekstremitas superior dan inferior bilateral tampak makula-plak hiperpigmentasi, multipel, bulat-irregular, lentikuler-plakat, diskret; sebagian terdapat rambut, kulit sekitar normal; terdapat lesi satelit. Pada regio ekstremitas inferior sinistra terdapat lesi giant nevi dengan ukuran lebih dari 20 cm. Pada kasus ini diperlukan observasi yang baik dan pendekatan multidisiplin dalam tatalaksana GCMN. ABSTRACT Giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) is a rare disease caused by excessive growth of melanocytes. It appeared since birth. This disease often found on the back and thigh. Lesion of GCNM often appear as a solitary or multiple well defined hyperpigmented hairy plaque measuring 20 cm or larger. This condition is frequently associated with neurocutaneous melanocytosis and malignant melanoma. The risk of neurocutaneous melanocytosis significantly increases if giant nevus lesion located on cranial or midline region or accompanied by satellite lesions. Cumulative 5-year risk for the growth of melanoma is 4,5%.Therapeutic approach is still a challenge and varies among each individual according to age, location, size of lesion, risk of melanoma and possibility of function abnormalities from invasive treatment and physiological impact due to post treatment effect. We reported a case of two-days-old full term female, born naturally and full term with GCMN. The mother suffered systemic lupus erythematosus and received methylprednisolone during pregnancy. General appearance was unremarkable. Dermatological physical examination present with a multiple well defined round -irregular hyperpigmented macules and plaques, some area were covered with hair and some surrounded with satellite papules on the truncus, scalp, facialis, extremities superior et inferior bilateral region. There is giant nevi lesion with size > 20 cm on the left lower extremity. Close observation dan multidiscipline approach is needed for management of GCMN in our ca...