This experiment was aimed to determine the survival rate of tiger shrimp on the use of several types of mangrove extracts challenged with the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). The experiment was conducted in November 2015 at the Research Institute for brackish water Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension (RIBAFE), Maros. The plastic container of 40 L volume was filled with 30 L of seawater at a salinity of 28 ppt which had been disinfected with chlorine powder of 150 ppm and neutralized with Sodium Thiosufateof 75 ppm, stocked with 10 ind of tiger shrimps with the size of 5-7 g/pcs. The challenge test of mangrove extract with WSSV was done by mixing 5 μL of WSSV suspension with 10 μL of mangrove extract solution (500 mg/100 mL of NTE buffer). The mixing solution was then incubated at 29 oC for 3 hours and then infected to tiger shrimp by intramuscular injection. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design with treatments; A). butanol extract of Sonneratia alba; B). butanol extract of Sonneratia caseolaris; C). butanol extract of Sonneratia lanceolata; D). butanol extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; E). diethyl ether extract of S. alba; F). diethyl ether extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; G). Control (shrimps injected with WSSV suspension without mangrove extract. Each treatment was repeated 3 (three) times and tiger shrimp were reared for 10 days. Observations of tiger shrimp mortality were performed daily, while Total Hemocyte Count (THC), Differential Hemocyte Count (DHC), ProPO values and WSSV infection were observed at the end of the study. Analysis of variance, which was followed by Least Significant Difference test were conducted on the survival rate of tiger shrimp. The results showed that over 50% of tiger shrimp relative survival was obtained by the treatment that used butanol extract of S.alba, butanol extract of S.caseolaris, butanol extract of B. gymnorrhiza, and diethyl ether extract of S. alba. These experiments showed that the four extracts of mangrove effectively increased the survival of tiger shrimp. The highest average survival rate of tiger shrimp was obtained by the treatment that used diethyl ether extract of S. alba, while the lowest was found in the positive control, and both treatments were significantly different (P <0.05).The result indicated that diethyl ether extract of S. alba was found to be the most potential extract to control WSSV disease in tiger shrimp.
The shrimp mortality cases in ponds are still dominated by the bacterial diseases caused by Vibrio pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotic application as a disease alternative treatment is not recommended because it can trigger the host immunity and cause residual contamination in the environment. The latest study stated that poly P-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has bactericidal activity against the pathogenic bacteria and can be a source of C (carbon) atoms that are easily decomposed by the bacterial intestinal flora. This ability is obtained from the short-chained fatty acids (butyric acid) in PHB compounds. This study was aimed to screen and isolate the candidates of PHB-producing bacteria as an alternative to control environmentally friendly disease prevention in shrimp culture. Sampling was performed at the camming sugar factory located in Bone. Samples were taken in the form of kettle ash, molasses, the soil around the factory site, bagasse, and solid sugar factory waste. Samples were serially diluted using a sterile aquadest and grown on the nutrient agar media, then incubated for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the morphological observations were performed for each bacterial colony growing in each analyzed sample. The isolation of PHB-producing bacterial candidates was performed by isolating triplicate colonies and cultured on agar nutrient (NA) media added with 1% glucose, then incubated for 48 hours. The growing bacterial colony was recultured on a spot of NA media through plating divided into 4 equal parts and incubated for 48 hours. Each colony was given an ethanolic 0.02% Sudan Black B solution and stood for 30 minutes, then rinsed with 96% ethanol. The positive results of PHB-producing bacteria were shown in dark blue color absorbed by the bacterial candidate due to the staining performed. The study results showed that 73 isolates of PHB-producing bacterial candidates were obtained from 5 samples analyzed and after stained with Sudan Black obtained 14 bacterial isolates containing 10 isolates produced a clear zone (inhibition zone) and 4 isolates absorbed the dark blue color. After purification and retesting on the 14 isolates, 5 isolates were obtained as candidates for PHB-production bacteria.
The Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is an important marine food fish in Southeast Asia. To facilitate a selective breeding program conducted in Indonesia, we genotyped 29 Asian seabass specimens collected from four wild populations in the Wallacea Region originating from coastal waters in two seaways: the Makassar Strait (Bulungan in North Kalimantan and Maros in South Sulawesi) and the Gulf of Bone (Siwa and Bone in South Sulawesi). We used four polymorphic markers with a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. A total of 43 alleles were detected at four loci across the four populations, four of which were shared by all the accessions while 39 were polymorphic. Of these 43 alleles, 34.88% were unique, with 46.67% in the Gulf of Bone and 53.33% in the Makassar Strait. Asian seabass within-population genetic distance was greater in Bone Bay than the Makassar Strait, and an ongoing speciation phenomenon is suspected. The greatest genetic distance (0.291) was between the Asian seabass populations from Bulungan, North Kalimantan and Cenranae River estuary, Bone Regency; the lowest (0.086) was between the Bulungan and Maros populations. In the phylogenetic analysis, Gulf of Bone and Makassar Strait specimens formed separate clades. Commercial scale cross-breeding between Asian seabass from Makassar Strait and the Gulf of Bone may produce highly adaptable seed. These results will be helpful in future Asian seabass breeding programs as well as for optimising management and conservation strategies for wild Asian seabass populations.
In this study, a trial was conducted to use whole cell microalgae Porphyridium sp and Porphyridium aerugineum as an alternative material for preventing Vibriosis. This study used three treatments with three replications each. Treatment A was Control without microalgae administration, Treatment B was given Porphyridium aerugineum and treatment C was given Porphyridium sp. The microalgae were given in Zoea1, Mysis1, PL 2, PL 6, and PL 10 phases with the density of microalgae at the time of stocking was 105 - 106 cells/mL. Larval rearing was carried out for 19 days until Post Larva 12. The parameters observed were the density of microalgae in the rearing container and the density of Vibrio bacteria. Sampling for microalgae density observations was carried out every day from the zoea phase 2 to PL 10. Sampling of bacterial density was carried out at every phase change along with observing water quality parameters. At the end of the fry rearing period (PL 12), a challenge test was performed using V. parahaemolyticus bacteria with a density of 107 CFU/mL. Shrimp survival during the challenge test was observed every day until the fifth day. In addition, the density of Vibrio bacteria was also observed. The results showed that the administration of P. aerugineum could suppress the population of Vibrio bacteria and the ratio of Vibrio bacteria to common bacteria was better than the control. On the other hand, the highest survival rate for shrimp was treated with Porphyridium sp. After the challenge test, the best survival results were also obtained in the treatment with Porphyridium sp.
The prevention of vibriosis using microalgae as anti-quorum sensing was started in 2016. Five types of positive microalgae that have the ability to inhibit the Quorum sensing signal was found in 2016, namely: Melosira sp, Porpyridium sp, Vulgaris sp, Phaeodactylum sp, and Nannochloropsis sp. In order to obtain an environmentally-friendly alternative to prevent shrimp disease, a study was conducted in 2019 concerning the addition of Porphyridium sp and Porphyridium aeruginous extract into feed as immunostimulants in shrimp. About 35% of microalgae extracts were added to shrimp feed. Tiger shrimp (P. monodon) fry with a weight of 0.5-2g was used in this study, and experimental design of 20 shrimps/treatment/repetition was applied. After 30 days of maintenance, an artificial infection was carried out using the pathogenic Vibrio harveyi by injection. Parameters observed included Total Hemocyte Count (THC), Pro-PO value and percentage of shrimp survival. The results showed that the addition of Porpyridium aerugenum extract in shrimp feed was successful in increasing the number of hemocytes and Pro-PO activity besides increasing the survival percentage of experimental shrimp. The results of this study are expected to help shrimp farmers in dealing with disease attacks in ponds in an environmentally friendly manner.
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