The goal of this work is to determine the optimal conditions for the obtaining of protein concentrates from rice bran. The effects of defatting processes applied to this product in laboratory and in industrial scales were investigated. Through two experimental designs were performed, and production conditions to obtain the protein concentrates were chosen with values of protein contents average 59.9% and 57.1%, with protein yields of 61.6% and 30.7%. The concentrates produced with industrially defatted rice bran showed higher digestibility and increased thermal stability compared with the product obtained with laboratory defatted rice bran. Both concentrates show molecular weight proteins below 50 kDa. The morphology of the precipitated proteins, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, there was a great difference in the size of particles, which form the wet precipitates. The differences presented by the concentrates can be due to defatting processes which raw materials were submitted. Thus, studying the protein extraction conditions and knowing its characteristics is very important for the industry, because food processing requires knowing the behavior of each compound during and after processes they will be submitted.
This research aimed to investigate the biological properties of different hydrolysates derived from industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran proteins. Industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran protein concentrates were hydrolyzed with alcalase or flavorzyme. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, were determined in the hydrolysates and the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using the tail-cuff method before and after oral administration of 80 mg/kg of different rice bran protein hydrolysate (RBPH) fractions lower than 3 kDa in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats. The highest values of in vitro antioxidant activity and TPC were observed in RBPH with alcalase defatted by industry (RBPH2A), and, in all cases, these bioactivities were higher in the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa. Once again, fractions lower than 3 kDa obtained with alcalase showed a potent ACE inhibitory activity (RBPH1A<3 and RBPH2A<3). The administration of RBPH1A<3 caused a significant decrease in the SBP in SHR, where the maximum decrease was reached at 8 h after administration. SBP in WKY rats was not modified after the administration of RBPH1A<3. These results suggest that the rice bran protein hydrolysates obtained from industry after treatment with alcalase could be an interesting source of bioactive peptides, with potential action on hypertension and other related pathologies.
ResumoNeste trabalho foi avaliada a conservação do mamão "Formosa" minimamente processado, com o uso de revestimento comestível à base de goma xantana, por 12 dias a 4±1 °C. Foram realizados os tratamentos: controle (T1), sem revestimento; revestimento com 0,5% de goma xantana (T2); revestimento com 0,5% de goma xantana e 1% de quitosana (T3); revestimento com 0,5% de goma xantana e 0,25% de goma guar (T4); revestimento com 0,5% de goma xantana, 0,25% de goma guar e 1% de quitosana (T5). Tais revestimentos foram preparados em solução aquosa e adicionados a eles 1% do plastificante glicerol. No tratamento controle e nos pedaços de mamão revestidos foram analisados a perda de massa, firmeza, pH, acidez titulável cor e os seguintes grupos de micro-organismos: psicrófilos, Salmonella spp., coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Os diferentes revestimentos à base de goma xantana foram eficientes na conservação do mamão "Formosa" minimamente processado, em relação à amostra controle. A adição de goma guar ao revestimento de xantana influenciou negativamente na perda de massa e nos parâmetros de cor, luminosidade, a* e b*. A adição de quitosana (T3) influenciou beneficamente na redução da perda de massa, manutenção da luminosidade e menor redução nos parâmetros a* e b*, entretanto, não foi observado efeito antimicrobiano. Assim, sugere-se como revestimento comestível de mamão "Formosa" minimamente processado o revestimento composto somente de goma xantana (T2), o qual propiciou redução da perda de massa, manutenção da luminosidade e b* e menor redução no a*. Entretanto, experimentos visando à manutenção da firmeza, pH e acidez deverão ser futuramente realizados. Palavras-chave: Análise microbiológica, Carica papaya, cor, goma guar, perda de massa, quitosana, textura AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the preservation of papaya minimally processed by the use of edible coatings based on xanthan gum for 12 days at 4±1 °C. Different treatments were performed: control (T1) uncoated; 1 % glycerol and 0.5 % xanthan gum (T2); 1 % glycerol, 0.5 % xanthan gum and 1 % chitosan (T3); 1 % glycerol, 0.5 % xanthan gum and 0.25 % guar gum (T4); 1 % glycerol, 0.5 % xanthan gum, 0.25 % guar gum and 1 % chitosan (T5). Such coatings were prepared in aqueous solution and added to them 1% glycerol. In the control treatment and the coated pieces of papaya were analyzed weight loss, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, color, and microbiological groups: psychrophilic, Salmonella spp., total coliform and thermotolerant. The different coatings based on xanthan gum were
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