Recent floods drastically increased the burden of disease, in particular the incidence of malaria, in the southern districts of the Punjab province in Pakistan. Control of malaria vector mosquitoes in these districts requires the adoption of an appropriate evidence-based policy on the use of pesticides, and having the latest information on the insecticide resistance status of malaria vector mosquitoes is essential for designing effective disease prevention policy. Using World Health Organization (WHO) test kits, the present study utilized papers impregnated with DDT, malathion, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin, to determine the insecticide susceptibility/resistance status of malaria vector mosquitoes in four flood-affected districts. The test results showed that both Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies remained resistant to DDT and malathion. Tests with three commonly used pyrethroids, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin, detected resistance in the majority of cases, but in a number of localities mortalities with these three pyrethroids ranged from 80-97% and were therefore placed under verification-required status. This status indicates the presence of susceptible individuals in these populations. These results suggest that if appropriate resistance management strategies are applied in these areas, then the development of high levels of resistance can still be prevented or slowed. This study forms an important evidence base for the strategic planning of vector control in the four flood-affected districts.
The present research was carried out to study the trophic relationship between aphids and their primary parasitoids in Pothwar, Pakistan during 2009–2010 in the districts of Rawalpindi, Attock, Chakwal, and Jhelum. Ten species of aphids were recorded from 17 host plants. The aphids were parasitized by 11 species of primary parasitoids. Five quantitative aphid-parasitoid food webs were constructed describing the trophic relationships between the community of aphids and their primary parasitoids.
Limited success has been attained using long-established mosquito vector control methods to prevent dengue transmission. Integrated disease control programs making use of alternative tools, e.g. Lethal ovitraps may provide greater prospects for monitoring and reducing vector populations and disease transmission in order to provide new robust data on the efficiency of entomological surveillance methods to control important dengue and other disease vectors in Pakistan and other geographic regions. The purpose of this study was to figure out the efficiency of Lethal ovitraps in eggs collection baited with grass infusion. This study also aimed at exploring Aedes infestation indices and generation of baseline data by indoor and outdoor ovi-trapping. Field evaluation of a Lethal ovitraps containing Deltamethrin-treated strip was carried out for monitoring the dengue vector (s) Aedes mosquitoes during November-February, 2015 in Rawal Town, Islamabad, Pakistan. The study site was divided into treatment and control blocks with 20 randomly selected houses for each block. Each block received 40 Lethal ovitraps (LOs) with and without treatment. The oviposition response by Aedes mosquitoes was measured using the Ovitrap Positive Index (OPI) and the Eggs Density Index (EDI). There were six weekly eggs collections made. Which yielded 510 Aedes eggs with 32 and 478 from the treatment and the control blocks, respectively, indicating the damaging effect of Deltamethrin on the treatment group. The weekly egg collections yielded 510 Aedes eggs with 32 and 478 from the treatment and the control blocks, respectively, indicating the damaging effect of Deltamethrin on the treatment group. The OPI response of treatment and control ovitraps was different. OPI was higher in the controls than in the treatment groups. Moreover, there was a significant difference in EDI of treatment compared to control. There was complete inhibition of larvae emergence in Lethal ovitraps in comparison to the control, where 50.20% larvae were formed. The results indicated that the Lethal ovitraps proved to be a very effective tool for monitoring and controlling Aedes populations under natural conditions. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the number of eggs was obtained in the treated group. At lower operational costs and consistency, these LOs can be practically used as a benign tool for measuring infestation rates for entomological surveillance of Aedes species.
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