Pesticide Susceptibility Status of<i>Anopheles</i>Mosquitoes in Four Flood-Affected Districts of South Punjab, Pakistan

Rathor, H. R.; Nadeem, Ghazala; Khan, Imtinan Akram

doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1055

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…against DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin. (Rathor et al ., ), which is also an accordance with the observations of the present study. Another study conducted in district MirPur Khas, Pakistan, aimied to evaluate the susceptibility of An.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Insecticide susceptibility status and major detoxifying enzymes activity in Anopheles subpictus from Kasur, Pakistan

Naeem

Oneeb

Ashraf

et al. 2019

Medical Vet Entomology

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Anopheles subpictus s.l. Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae) is a malaria vector in South Asia, where insecticides are the mainstay for vector control interventions. Information on any variation in metabolic enzyme levels in mosquitoes is helpful with respect to adapting alternative strategies for vector control. The scarce data on the biochemical basis of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors of Pakistan limit the available information for vector control interventions within the country. The insecticide susceptibility status and its biochemical basis against dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (4%), deltamethrin (0.05%) and permethrin (0.75%) in An. subpictus s.l. collected from all Tehsils of district Kasur were evaluated. For this purpose, a World Health Organization susceptibility bioassay was performed followed by the detection of altered metabolic enzyme activity using biochemical assays. Similarly, a significant difference in knock‐down effect was observed among field collected and susceptible strain against all insecticides 24 h post exposure. The overall mean mortality rates of DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin were 27.86% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 29.65–26.06], 44.89% (95% CI = 46.23–43.54) and 78.82% (95% CI = 80.16–77.47), respectively. The biochemical assays revealed an elevated level of metabolic enzymes in the field population. The results provide evidence of resistance against organochlorine and pyrethroid groups in a field population of An. subpictus s.l. from district Kasur mediated by multiple metabolic mechanisms, including acetylcholinesterases, esterases, cytochrome P450 and glutathione S‐transferases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Insecticide susceptibility status and major detoxifying enzymes activity in Anopheles subpictus from Kasur, Pakistan

Naeem

Oneeb

Ashraf

et al. 2019

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…aegypti 5,21,22 , Culex quinquefasciatus Say 23 , Anopheles spp. 24,25 , and Periplaneta americana L. 26 . Previously, we have reported resistance development in Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to insecticides and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in Aedes albopictus from Punjab, Pakistan

Khan

2020

Sci Rep

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The widespread use of insecticides has ecological consequences such as emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution. Aedes albopictus is a major vector of dengue virus in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Control of Ae. albopictus with insecticides along with source eradication is critical in the prevention and control of dengue fever but is threatened by the development of insecticide resistance. Here, field strains of Ae. albopictus from eight cities of Punjab were evaluated for resistance against temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin. For temephos, high resistance (RRLC50 > tenfold) was found in larvae of the Rawalpindi strain, moderate resistance (RRLC50 = five- to tenfold) in Multan, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Lahore and Sheikhupura strains, and low resistance (RRLC50 < fivefold) in Kasur and Sahiwal strains. In the case of deltamethrin, high resistance was seen in adults of the strain from Faisalabad, moderate resistance in the strains from Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Kasur, and low resistance in Sahiwal, Multan and Rawalpindi strains. For permethrin, adults of all the field strains exhibited high levels of resistance. In synergism bioassays, toxicity of all the insecticides in the field strains significantly enhanced when tested in combination with piperonyl butoxide or S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate, suggesting the probability of metabolic-based mechanisms of resistance. In conclusion, field strains of Ae. albopictus from Punjab exhibit resistance to temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin, which might be associated with metabolic mechanisms of resistance.

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“…Anopheles stephensi from Lahore, Pakistan was resistant to DDT and malathion [80]. The species proved to be resistant to DDT, malathion, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in South Punjab [81]. In another study in Punjab Province, the species was found to be significantly resistant to DDT, dieldrin and malathion while being susceptible to permethrin, deltamethrin and fenitrothion [29].…”

Section: Insecticide Resistance In Anopheles Stephensi In Other Who/ mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

Enayati

Hanafi‐Bojd

Sedaghat

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: While Iran is on the path to eliminating malaria, the disease with 4.9 million estimated cases and 9300 estimated deaths in 2018 remains a serious health problem in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. Anopheles stephensi is the main malaria vector in Iran and its range extends from Iraq to western China. Recently, the vector invaded new territories in Sri Lanka and countries in the Horn of Africa. Insecticide resistance in An. stephensi is a potential issue in controlling the spread of this vector. Methods: Data were collated from national and international databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SID, and IranMedex using appropriate search terms. Results: Indoor residual spaying (IRS) with DDT was piloted in Iran in 1945 and subsequently used in the malaria eradication programme. Resistance to DDT in An. stephensi was detected in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia in the late 1960s. Malathion was used for malaria control in Iran in 1967, then propoxur in 1978, followed by pirimiphosmethyl from 1992 to 1994. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was used from 1994 to 2003 followed by deltamethrin IRS and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Some of these insecticides with the same sequence were used in other malaria-endemic countries of the region. Pyrethroid resistance was detected in An. stephensi in Afghanistan in 2010, in 2011 in India and in 2012 in Iran. The newly invaded population of An. stephensi in Ethiopia was resistant to insecticides of all four major insecticide classes. Different mechanisms of insecticide resistance, including metabolic and insecticide target site insensitivity, have been developed in An. stephensi. Resistance to DDT was initially glutathione S-transferase based. Target site knockdown resistance was later selected by pyrethroids. Esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase are the underlying cause of organophosphate resistance and cytochrome p450s were involved in pyrethroid metabolic resistance. Conclusions: Anopheles stephensi is a major malaria vector in Iran and many countries in the region and beyond. The species is leading in terms of development of insecticide resistance as well as developing a variety of resistance mechanisms. Knowledge of the evolution of insecticide resistance and their underlying mechanisms, in particular, are important to Iran, considering the final steps the country is taking towards malaria elimination, but also to other countries in the region for their battle against malaria. This systematic review may also be of value to countries and territories newly invaded by this species, especially in the Horn of Africa, where the malaria situation is already dire.

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Pesticide Susceptibility Status ofAnophelesMosquitoes in Four Flood-Affected Districts of South Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Insecticide susceptibility status and major detoxifying enzymes activity in Anopheles subpictus from Kasur, Pakistan

Insecticide susceptibility status and major detoxifying enzymes activity in Anopheles subpictus from Kasur, Pakistan

Resistance to insecticides and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in Aedes albopictus from Punjab, Pakistan

Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

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