Introduction: Skeletal muscle produces moderate quantities of oxidant species, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), due to its contractile action, high oxygen consumption, and metabolic rate (RNS). Under normal physiological circumstances, the generation and removal of ROS/RNS are in dynamic equilibrium. Content: The body reaches a condition of oxidative stress, however, when the oxidation products surpass the antioxidant defense capability. Increased oxidative stress has significant ramifications for the molecular, structural, and functional integrity of muscle. The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under pathological circumstances leads to cellular dysfunction and the progression of muscle disorders. Conclusion: The antioxidants can put ROS in optimal concentrations to perform physiological signals in muscle. At appropriate concentrations, ROS and RNS can regulate intracellular signal transduction. Thus, moderate quantities of radicals are advantageous to muscle, but high doses of ROS are harmful. The aim of this review is to know about the role of ROS in muscle.
Objective: To examine sit-to-stand and loaded sit-to-stand exercises effect in standing, walking, and running dimensions of gross motor function measure (GMFM) in spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (SDCP) patients. Methods: This study was conducted in the period of May to October 2014 and included 24 children with SDCP as the subjects. The methods used in the study were interventional study with randomized controlled trial, and investigation of CP before and after the exercise intervention. The subjects were divided into two groups, sit-to-stand exercise group and loaded sit-to-stand exercise group. Results: The results showed that the increase of standing, walking, and running dimension scores of GMFM in the loaded group were higher (standing dimension score 12.00 vs 11.08 and walking and running dimensions 13.58 vs 13.42) compared to the unloaded group. Conclusions: Both sit-to-stand and loaded sit-to-stand exercise groups do not show significant differences in improving motor skills in standing, walking, and running dimensions of GMFM. Children with SDCP may receive the exercise to improve their motor skills in mobility aspects, such as standing, walking, and running.
Latar Belakang: Imobilisasi, keterbatasan fisik menggerakan anggota tubuh. Penyebab tersering imobilisasi adalah kelainan neuromuskuler dan cedera yang membutuhkan tirah baring lama atau posisi statik dalam waktu lama. Imobilisasi oleh tirah baring lama menghasilkan gejala klinis disebut dekondisi fisik (deconditioning). Isi: Tujuan layanan rehabilitasi medik memperbaiki fungsi fisik, psikososial dari tiap individu dengan penyakit kronik dan kecacatan untuk mencapai tingkat optimal dari kemandirian. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, dibuat diagnosis fungsional dan tata-laksana terhadap kelainan fungsional dan juga mengevaluasi komplikasi yang berpotensi dapat menambah masalah ataupun kecacatan. Pencegahan dan penatalaksanaan komplikasi merupakan prinsip dasar rehabilitasi yang profesional. Kesimpulan: Perubahan yang terjadi dari sistem tubuh akibat imobilisasi, meliputi sistem muskuloskeletal, kardiovaskuler, respirasi, integumen, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, metabolik dan nutrisi, endokrin, neurologik, emosional dan intelektual. Berbagai sistem tersebut berubah karena imobilisasi, kemudian menimbulkan keadaan dekondisi fisik dalam sistem tersebut. Perubahan yang terjadi pada sistem dapat dicegah serta dilakukan penatalaksanaan yang sesuai pada sistem tersebut.
Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most prevalent and expensive musculoskeletal issues in contemporary culture. It is defined as low back pain that lasts for more than three months or longer than the anticipated recovery period.[1] 70 to 80 percent of adults have dealt with CLBP at some point in their lives. This study sought to assess the McKenzie method's contribution to the treatment of low back pain and determine whether it could be compared to other forms of therapy. Content: A narrative review of the literature was performed using the following search engines: PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were articles published in the last 10 years, randomized clinical trials, the mean age of patients between 18 and 70 years and full English text. Exclusion criteria were observational studies, case reports and articles without abstract or full text. The outcomes that were used to review included chronic pain, disability, Quality of Life (QoL) and psychological aspects. Conclusion: Even though it has helped treat patients with chronic low back pain, the McKenzie method needs more research to be proven effective in particular patient populations. Keywords: Chronic low back pain; McKenzie method; Humans
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