Although car usage is admitted to improve the efficiency of travel and productivity, it is also blamed for the widespread problems in urban areas. It demands an increasing space for road as well as for parking, especially within Central Business District (CBD). Due to budget constraints and also to minimize the negative impacts of road traffic such as fossil fuel crisis and increasing number of road traffic accidents-parking control becomes essential. This study attempts to define the parking behaviour of motorists such as parking cost and duration, parking location distance, as well as pricing systems with a case study in Padang City, Indonesia. The findings from this study are expected could help the government in developing suitable parking controls inside the CBD and hence could contribute to minimizing the negative impacts of road transports. In addition, the government may also encourage the usage of public transports instead of private cars by using the recommended parking controls generated from this research. This is considerably important, especially for a country where a great amount of national petrol consumption are imported from overseas and mostly spent by private car and logistic transport.
Unlike developed countries, traffic characteristics in developing countries are dominated by passenger cars and also motorcycles. For example is Indonesia where more than 70% of transport mode share is contributed by motorcycles and a number of the riders are below age indicating poor law enforcement. This figure is suspected to worsen the transport negative impacts like road accidents as well as congestion level due to poor behaviour of motorcycle riders. Therefore, any efforts to reduce the trip number by mode of motorcycles on the road as well as improving their rider behaviours are necessary. For example is by managing motorcycle parking facilities like in this research. The results of this study suggest motorcycles were used as the primary transport mode for low income people mainly for studying and working. Further, motorcyclists tend to park for long time period with parking areas located about 50 meters from the activity centres. Off-street parking facilities are preferred than on-street parking. These findings are expected could be a considerable contribution for policy makers in minimizing the negative impacts of transport, in particular related to motorcycle usage.
The transfer function is used to process the summation outputs in the hidden and output nodes. It can generally be categorized as either a non-linear or linear function. Examples are Sigmoid and Purelin functions representing non-linear and linear transfer functions. It is often mentioned that there is no standard guideline in the transfer function selection, and the Sigmoid or Logsig is widely used. However, the transfer function and training algorithm have a procedural relationship in training Multilayer Feedforward Neural Network (MLFFNN), a famous Artificial Neural Network model structure. In the feedforward stage, this function transforms the linear summation output to either linear (Purelin) or non-linear form (Sigmoid). In the backpropagation stage, this function is used in calculating the magnitude of change in the connection weights involving its derivative. Nine scenarios of MLFFNN were developed based on different transfer functions used in both hidden and output layers. In order to make fair comparisons, each scenario has the same initial connection weight. The modelling is conducted at the calibration level only; however, it involves different levels of complexity. It was calibrated by using the Levenberg-Marquard training algorithm. The results suggest that some calibrations failed and negative estimations occurred once non-linear transfer functions were used in hidden and output layers. It was found that Purelin was superior to other transfer functions. However, it has a weakness which is its negative estimations.
Pemakaian bahan bakar minyak (BBM) cenderung meningkat selaras dengan pertambahan jumlah kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia. Pada level nasional, BBM adalah sumber energi utama dimana mayoritasnya dikonsumsi oleh moda transportasi darat seperti mobil pribadi/kendaraan penumpang dan angkutan barang. Sedangkan angkutan umum hanya mengkonsumsi 9% saja. Terdapat peluang untuk mengurangi konsumsi pemakaian BBM oleh sektor transportasi khususnya transportasi darat, melalui peningkatan market share penggunaan angkutan umum dengan mengajak pengguna jalan untuk beralih dari pemakaian mobil pribadi ke angkutan umum/BRT seperti yang diharapkan oleh pemerintah. Untuk itu terlebih dahulu perlu di analisis karakter pengguna jalan eksisting agar dapat di rancang skema angkutan umum yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dan kepuasan pengguna jalan yang merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Harapannya adalah luaran yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan oleh stakeholder terkait sebagai pertimbangan dalam merancang angkutan umum yang dapat memberikan manfaat dan keuntungan maksimum bagi pengguna jalan.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.