Context: Pharmaceutical products, particularly antibiotics, are new emerging contaminants that have caused much concern due to their accumulation in the environment and their other various adverse effects. Among such pharmaceutical products, metronidazole (MTN) is an important pollutant in the environment due to its broad use and resistance to biological breakdown. As a result, the need to control and eliminate this pollutant must be addressed more than ever. In this study, in addition to providing the most widely used methods for eliminating MTN antibiotic from the contaminated waste, the advantages and disadvantages of each method have also been analyzed. Evidence Acquisition: This descriptive-interpretive study was conducted using documents and library resources. Results: There are several methods to remove antibiotics from aqueous environments, each having disadvantages along with advantages, which limit their application. Meanwhile, nanotechnology with its new solutions suggests that nano-sized substances can lead to more effective, cheaper, and more durable water treatment technologies, which can satisfy the needs of developing countries. Conclusions: According to the results of this investigation, it appears that in recent years, nanotechnology and advanced oxidation process, which are based on the production of free and active radicals, especially OH0, have been effective because of their high oxidation power.

Background: Nowadays, with extensive industrialization, pollution of heavy metals in the environment has increased significantly, which is considered a serious environmental risk for toxicity, carcinogenicity, and biological accumulation. Meanwhile, lead is one of the most important systemic toxic heavy metals, which attacks most organs of the body after adsorption. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of green almond hull (Prunus amygdalus-Fascionello) magnetized with Fe3O4 to remove lead from aqueous solution. Methods: In this study, the structural characteristic of green almond hull magnetized with Fe3O4 was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. Also, the effect of different parameters, including pH (2 to 10), mixing speed (0 to 250 rpm), adsorbent dose (1 to 7 g/L), initial concentration (10 to 100 mg/L), and contact time (5 to 200 minutes) was examined to study lead adsorption process by the desired adsorbent. Finally, the experimental data obtained from the equilibrium tests were analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms models. Results:The results of this study showed that the maximum removal efficiency was obtained at pH 9 and adsorbent dose of 5 g/L. The removal efficiency was reduced by increasing the initial concentration of lead, and increasing contact time and mixing speed. The maximum lead adsorption at optimal conditions was 91.34%. The results also showed that the resulting data often followed the Langmuir isotherm. Conclusions: According to the results, it could be concluded that green almond hull (Prunus amygdalus-Fascionello) magnetized with Fe3O4 could be used as an affordable and proper adsorbent in removal of lead from aqueous solutions.

Background: Postural anomalies refer to the adverse changing which deforms the skeletal structure and natural height, these anomalies appear due to the environmental reasons, improper muscular function and physical movements and its recovery depends on removing the related factors.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of postural anomalies in soldiers and the effect of military training courses and present the corrective plans. Materials and Methods:In this cross sectional study that was performed in October 2011, fifty new coming soldiers from training center of military force of Sanandaj were selected randomly and their postural anomalies were evaluated two months before and after the military training courses using the Ridko form and cross board. The obtained scores were analyzed using the descriptive statistics and t-test. Results: Overall, the round back anomalies were in the worst condition before the military training with the mean score of 5.6, and the two-month training course had a positive effect on the recovery of the round back anomalies and made other kinds of postural anomalies worse. Anomalies like uneven shoulder, neck flexion, round back and lordosis in soldiers were compared before and after the military training period and the results were its statistically significancet (P = 0.000, P = 0.021, P = 0.000, P = 0.000). Conclusions:The military training course has a positive effect on the recovery of the postural anomalies and can lead to other anomalies, thus, we should prevent this condition by changing the physical activity plans and making the soldiers aware of the physical fitness.