Purpose This study aims to explore the moderating role of cynicism about change in the positive relationship between authentic leadership and employee commitment to change. Design/methodology/approach This study used an exploratory research design with deductive approach to invite responses of doctors, nurses and para medical staff of public sector district hospitals, set to be privatized, on structured close-ended questionnaires. Data gathered from four hospitals chosen because they were undergoing restructuring that facilitated the testing of our propositions were analyzed through structural equation modeling using AMOS. A total of 271 usable responses (response rate of 65 per cent) were analyzed. Interaction and simple slope tests were applied to test moderating effects. Findings Results indicate that authentic leadership is positively related to commitment to change. Cynicism about change moderated this positive relationship such that a high level of authentic leadership has a stronger impact on commitment to change when cynicism is low rather than when cynicism is high. Practical implications Results show that in Pakistani hospitals undergoing restructuring, leaders who use authentic leadership will have followers who are more committed to enacting the planned changes, but this effect is magnified if followers are not cynical about the change. Thus, regulators of public sector hospitals may benefit from this study by developing authenticity in hospital leaders to mitigate cynicism about and enhance their commitment to change. Originality/value This study is the first which has explored relationships among cynicism about change, authentic leadership and commitment to change in a privatization context of Pakistan. Findings should be tested in other cultural contexts to determine generalizability.
Determinants of graduate employability is a point of major concern for academician, practitioners, and Governments across the globe as more than 80 percent (74 percent in Pakistan)
The current research investigates the Welfare impact of SAFTA on the economy of Pakistan in general and South Asia in perspective. This research analyzes the potential economic costs and benefits of Pak-India trade in exporting various consumer goods. The first scenario is when normal trading relation with India will be restored; it means that both countries will give the MFN (Most Favored Nations) status to each other. In the second scenario, the SAFTA will be operative and there will be free trade between India and Pakistan and both countries will remove all tariffs and custom duties from each others' imports. The Global trade analysis GTAP model is used to analyze the possible impact of SAFTA on Pakistan in a multi country, multi sector applied General equilibrium frame work. After employing the simplified static analysis framework, the analysis based on simulations reveals that current demand for Pakistani Basmati Rice and other consumer items like leather and cotton-made garments will expand after the FTA and consumer surplus will increase. The drop in the domestic prices of Rice will increase the production of many downstream industries, which will have pleasant multiplier effects on the economy of Pakistan. The government may reduce MFN tariffs on industrial dates before implementing the FTA. A key rule of multilateral trade system is that the reduction in trade barriers should be applied on a most-favored nation basis (MFN) to all WTO members the countries which are part of the SAFTA.. The only exception to the MFN principle built into the GATT legal framework is the provision for reciprocal free trade within customs unions and free trade areas (GATT article XXIV). The objectives of the present study are to analyze and quantify the potential economic cost and benefits of the prospective trade between India and Pakistan to consumers, producers and government of the two countries. The export of Rice, leather and cotton-made garments may be conducted by two scenarios, i.e. when normal trading relations between Pakistan and India will be restored and when there will be a free trade between Pakistan and India in the presence of www.ccsenet.org/ass
Due to economic downturns and structural pressures, the telecommunication sector have frequently had to go through structural change to remain competitive. This could distract telecommunication sector away from focusing on trusting relationships leading towards failure in managing change. Present research fill this gap and aims to examine the effect of trust in leadership on employee’s engagement during structural change. To provide additional insight, the present study used fear of change as a moderator between relationship of trust in leadership and employee engagement. Drawn from cross-sectional research design, a web-based survey was used to collect data from employees of telecommunication sector across all provinces of Pakistan that experienced structural change within their organization. A total of 447 responses were received. The study findings indicate that employee level of trust in leadership in change helped them to foster their engagement in change process. Additionally it was also supported that decrease in employee’s fear of change enhances the effect of trust in leadership on employee’s engagement during change.
The present research paper is focused is focused on the sustainable development through women participation in SMEs business growth in Sindh. The main objective of current research is to examine the sustainable development through women participation in Small and medium enterprises in upper Sindh. The data were collected from 300 respondents from five Districts Dadu, Nawabshah, Shikarpur, Jacobabad and Kashmore district by using simple random technique. It was further revealed that the rural women is less confident and their husbands were always given them hard time once they are exposing them selves to out side the boundaries of the house. It was revealed the rural women is innovate designs of toppi (Sindhi Caps) as well as other SMEs products which are the only source of earning. They are also paid 60% less value of their products because of lack of marketing and other facilities. The biggest challenges which they were facing they were doing all business in house, lack of marketing facilities, Karo Kari criminal activities and they were deprived from the basic rights. This study contributes and explores the Rural Women challenges in SMEs business and how these critical unethical problems we can overcome like KARO KARI, and other various social issues growth.
The purpose of present study is to examine the effects of external motivational factors on employees. Current study is employed Herzberg’s two-factor theory to investigate the effects of extrinsic factors on employees’ performance.in food and textile industries of Sindh, Pakistan. Seven point Likert scale is used for survey purpose. Reliability test is conducted for knowing the internal consistency of extrinsic factors as independent variables and employees’ performance as dependent variable. Pearson correlation, Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA), t test and multiple regression techniques are employed for data analysis.The results found that all extrinsic factors have positive and significant effects on employees. This study provides good amount of knowledge on the importance of extrinsic factors for improving the employees’ performance.
The purpose of this study is to generate a model to examine the relationships between corporate reputation and brand equity in a study of multinational firms operating within Pakistan. This research employs a quantitative approach to examine the hypothetical relationships presented in the conceptual framework. The data was collected from a sample of the assistant, deputy, and senior managers from various multinational firms of different origins having either manufacturing or operational concerns throughout Pakistan. The hypotheses testing suggests that the proposed model achieved an acceptable fit with the data (i.e., out of six hypotheses, five hypotheses were significantly accepted). The study has limitations in generalization, in terms of the survey questionnaire, the targeted audience (employees of the firms) and multi-national firms’ context. It was concluded that there is a significant impact of corporate reputation in building a firm’s overall brand equity. However, the magnitude of the impact of reputation over brand equity is subject to the choice of particular uses of corporate reputation. The study contributes to the corporate reputation literature in the area of brand management for multinational firms, particularly fast-moving-consumer-good (FMCG) firms existing in Pakistan.
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