In recent decades, floods have been the most common, complex, and destructive natural calamities worldwide. Hence, for inclusive flood risk assessment, creating flood susceptibility mapping to demarcate flood-vulnerable zones is fundamental for decision makers. To assess flood-prone locations in the Akre, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, fundamental for susceptibility mapping was undertaken using geographic information systems, remote sensing, and an analytic hierarchy process model. To assess flood susceptibility, the geographic information systems framework used 15 ideal causative factors for flooding: altitude, slope, distance to streams, flow accumulation, drainage density, rainfall, soil type, lithology, curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), topographic roughness index stream power index, stream transport index, land use/land cover, and normalized difference vegetation index. The factors contributing to flooding were optimally weighted with respect to the proposed model. The final flood susceptibility map was reclassified into five different classes of susceptibility to flooding: very low (16.64% of the study area); low (19.53%); moderate (38.92%); high (17.83%); and very high (7.08%). The area under curve values for the predicted rate and success rate of the AHP model were 0.956 and 0.971, respectively. Therefore, the results were accurate and reliable. The AHP model is a powerful method for fundamental for susceptibility mapping to mitigate the serious impacts of flooding and assist scholars, local governments and policymakers in future master planning.
In this research detailed morphometric investigation of the Rawanduz river basin in the northeastern part of Erbil, Iraq has been made. The study area covers an approximately 977.68 km2. Digital Elevation Model data (DEM 12.5 m), Remote sensing and GIS methods were used for studying basin morphometric parameter such as linear, aerial, and relief aspects, as well as to delineate lineaments in the study area.The results reveal that there is an opposite correlation between stream order, stream number, and length of streams in the research region basin by R2 values (R2 = 0.77 and 0.73) which is good value depending on statistical analysis. Streams were also ordered, with a total of 6376 streams totaling 2376.4 km in length. The basin's elongation ratio (0.54), circulation ratio (0.45), and form factor (0.23) data suggested that it was semi-elongated to elongated in nature, with poor permeability material, high relief, steep slopes, and main drainage pattern types affected by lineaments and fracture traces. In the research region, the stream frequency value is 5.6 km2 which is a high value suggesting impermeable lithology and enhanced surface runoff in the basin area. The drainage density in the investigated area is 2.43 km-1. The Rawanduz river basin's high drainage density value (2.43 km-1) reveals a fine drainage texture value (38.77 km-3). This study will help decision-makers and local residents to benefit from the resources for the sustainable development of the basin area.
The Rawanduz river basin locates in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, northestern part of Iraq. This study focus to deduce the tectonic activity of Rawanduz river basin by means of using geomorphic indices.The management information programs in generating a geomorphic indices based on Aster DEM 12.5 m resolution data to analyze the drainage scenario of study region from ArcGis platform software (GIS 10.8). Tectonic activity indicated from diffrendent geomorphic variable indices by using the Iat categorize which has four main classes, and the main tectonic action of the region was indicated appropriately which is 2.33, indicating that the basin's tectonic activity is in moderate to active stage and it is representing that the basin is situated tectonically inside the High Folded Zone, Imbricated Zone, and Zagros Suture Zone, or has been impacted by the same tectonic forces in the past geological period, including the final orogenic forces that are still active.
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