This article examines the ethnic minorities integration policies as implemented in France and the Netherlands. This study will be based on an institutionalist approach relying on North's analytical framework in order to explain the recent changes in these policies. I emphasize the existence of four patterns of social integration: reciprocity, redistribution, exchange, and coercion. I will also be insisting on the importance of ideology and the way it has evolved over time. This theoretical framework is then used to "tell the story" of the two countries. While France's historical and ideological backgrounds have forced it to adopt a universalist view and fight against communautarisme, the Dutch position was quite different as it does not deny the ethnic minorities cultural and religious freedom. Nevertheless, there is a hardening of the dominant ideology taking place in France. As to the Netherlands, there is a noticeable shift in the government's attitude toward ethnic minorities.
This article attempts to show that Chinese post-socialist transformation has involved a deep change in its growth regime. China's current growth strategy is the consequence of institutional changes that operated from the end of the seventies. Thus, since its transition is gradual, the economic system is "hybrid" with both capitalist and socialist elements.During the Maoist era, the growth strategy took the form of a "forced growth" as theorized by Kornai (1972). Today, it is not the case anymore since China follows an export and investment-led growth regime. Indeed, "investment hunger", inherited from the socialist system, is still standing and the economic opening of China results in an increase of its exports. This new situation could be particularly difficult to manage with respect to inflation stabilization and China's dependence on external demand in a context of low domestic-demand. In particular, the main difficulty to which this export-led growth regime could be confronted with concerns the occurrence of an external contraction in the US. We then try to assess why such an event may appear by providing a list of external risks and their possible outlets in order to emphasize the economic vulnerability of China.Finally, we conclude on the difficulty to switch regimes and to adopt a more balanced growth strategy.
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