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as moderately susceptible and 3 were susceptible to the CMV-BA isolate. These plants exhibited various symptoms and accumulated high levels of virus titer. However, the results showed that 17 lines had high resistance, 12 were found to be resistant and 10 were found to be moderately resistant to the CMV. The lines that showed high levels of resistance to the virus in this study could be used as sources of CMV resistance in cabbage breeding programs.

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Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are among the most economically important virus species infecting common bean. The use of resistant plant cultivars is the most effective way to control these viruses. National dry bean breeding studies have been conducted by seven different governmental agricultural research institutes in Turkey, and advanced breeding lines have been developed by using the selected local dry bean populations and crossing studies. In this study, 204 breeding lines were tested for resistance levels to BCMV and BCMNV. Initially, BCMNV NL-3 and BCMV NL-4 strains were individually sap-inoculated onto the leaves of bean plants belonging to each breeding lines with 10 replications, and the reactions of plants were evaluated for symptomatic appearance of virus infection 21 days after inoculation. Additionally, phenotypic evaluation was confirmed by molecular markers linked to resistance genes. As a result of the study, 153 breeding lines were found to involve the dominant I gene whereas four and five of the tested lines had the recessive genes bc-1² and bc-2², respectively. In conclusion, it was emphasized that these breeding lines could be registered after evaluating them in terms of yield and quality. Also, the use of seeds of the resistant lines to supply the source of virus-resistance in breeding studies and maintaining their seeds at the national genebank were recommended.

Plum pox virus (PPV), erik, şeftali, nektarin, kayısı, badem, kiraz ve vişne gibi sert çekirdekli meyve ağaçlarının en önemli viral etmenlerinden birisidir. PPV ırkları günümüzde en az 8 alt grupta toplanmıştır. Türkiye'de bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmalarda Marmara, İç Anadolu, Ege ve Akdeniz Bölgelerinde PPV'nin bulaşık olduğu bahçeler tespit edilmiş, virüsün ırk düzeyinde tanısı yapılmış ve dağılımı belirlenmiştir. Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde ise şu ana kadar sert çekirdekli meyve üretimi yapılan alanlarda Şarka hastalığının varlığına dair bir kayda rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Samsun ili Canik ilçesinde 2013 yılı Temmuz ayında PPV-benzeri yaprak ve meyve simptomları gösteren 4 bahçe belirlenmiş ve 9 kayısı, 6 nektarin, 4 erik ve 3 şeftali ağacından toplam 22 örnek test edilmek üzere alınmıştır. PPV'ye spesifik antiserum kullanılarak DAS-ELISA ve PPV'ye spesifik primerler kullanılarak RT-PCR yöntemleri ile örneklerin test edilmesi sonucunda, iki kayısı ağacı ve bir erik ağacının PPV ile enfekteli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kayısı ve erik izolatlarının kısmi kılıf protein (CP) bölgesi nükleotid dizileri elde edilmiş ve nükleotid BLAST analizine göre en yüksek benzerliği (% 99) Ankara'da kayısı ağacından izole edilen AbTk izolatı (PPV-T strain) ve yine Türkiye'den elde edilen Abricotier Turquie izolatı ile gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde Samsun ilinin yanısıra diğer illerde de sert çekirdekli meyve bahçelerinin PPV ile bulaşıklık durumunun detaylı incelenmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur.

Background: Non-transgenic chemical mutagen application, particularly ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), is an important tool to create mutations and gain a new genetic makeup for plants. It is useful to obtain a sufficient number of mutant plants instead of working with a severe mutation in a few plants. EMS dose and exposure period have been previously studied in several crops; however, EMS used to create point mutations in presoaked rice seeds has not been sufficiently studied and there is no standard protocol for such treatment. The aim of this study is to establish a standard protocol for EMS mutagenesis application in rice. Methods: Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of four durations of rice seed presoaking (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours), four EMS concentration doses (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%), and four EMS exposure periods (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Germination rate, plumula and radicle length, seedling survival, shoot length, root length and fresh seedling weight were evaluated. Results: Results showed that a 12-hour presoaking duration, 0.5% EMS dose, and six hours of EMS exposure were the best practices for the optimum number of mutant plants. Conclusions: In light of both this study and the literature, a standard application protocol was established. This application protocol, detailed in this article, contains the following guidelines: (1) Presoaking: 12 hours, (2) EMS application: 0.5% dose EMS and six hours, (3) Final washing: six hours, (4) Drying: 72 hours at 38°C. A user-friendly protocol has been presented for utilization by researchers.

Background: Non-transgenic chemical mutagen application, particularly ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), is an important tool to create mutations and gain a new genetic makeup for plants. It is useful to obtain a sufficient number of mutant plants instead of working with a severe mutation in a few plants. EMS dose and exposure period have been previously studied in several crops; however, EMS used to create point mutations in presoaked rice seeds has not been sufficiently studied and there is no standard protocol for such treatment. The aim of this study is to establish a standard protocol for EMS mutagenesis application in rice. Methods: Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of four durations of rice seed presoaking (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours), four EMS concentration doses (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%), and four EMS exposure periods (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Germination rate, plumula and radicle length, seedling survival, LD50 (Lethal Dose) determination, shoot length, root length and fresh seedling weight were evaluated. Results: Results showed that a 12-hour presoaking duration, 0.5% EMS dose, and six hours of EMS exposure were the best practices for the optimum number of mutant plants. Conclusions: In light of both this study and the literature, a standard application protocol was established. This application protocol, detailed in this article, contains the following guidelines: (1) Presoaking: 12 hours, (2) EMS application: 0.5% dose EMS and six hours, (3) Final washing: six hours, (4) Drying: 72 hours at 38°C. A user-friendly protocol has been presented for utilization by researchers.

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