To investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine enteric caliciviruses, a total of 167 fecal samples from diarrheic calves were screened. Bovine noroviruses (BoNoVs) and neboviruses were detected in 56 (33.5%) and 37 (22.1%) fecal samples, respectively. Sequences of the RdRp and capsid gene of selected BoNoVs showed that the GIII.1 and GIII.2 genotypes were in circulation in Turkey. Two of the BoNoV strains were identified as recombinant strains (GIII. P1/GIII.2). All examined neboviruses possessed a Nebraska-like RdRp gene. The two nebovirus strains were classified into lineage 4 based on phylogenetic analysis of VP1 amino acid sequences. One of them showed evidence of a recombination event within the S domain. This study is thus the first to reveal the presence of the BoNoV GIII.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes economic losses related to a reduction in weight gain of affected animals, veterinary treatment costs, death, etc. One of the important respiratory tract disease viruses is the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). In this study, it is aimed to report the molecular characterization of detected BRSVs. Therefore, nasal samples from three calves in a herd seen severe respiratory disorders were examined for BRSV and other possible viral etiological agents by PCRs and the amplicons were sequenced. In the phylogenetic tree, BRSV circulating in this herd is clustered with the genetic subgroup III BRSVs deposited in GenBank from some other countries. This study on the molecular characterization of BRSV circulating in calves would contribute for future studies on the epidemiology of this infection and the development and/or choice the effective vaccines in Turkey.

The increasing incidence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the Euro-Mediterranean area warrants the implementation of effective surveillance programs in animals. A crucial step in the fight against the disease is the evaluation of the capacity of the veterinary labs to accurately detect the infection in animal populations. In this context, the animal virology network of the MediLabSecure project organized an external quality assessment (EQA) to evaluate the WNV molecular and serological diagnostic capacities of beneficiary veterinary labs. Laboratories from 17 Mediterranean and Black Sea countries participated. The results of the triplex real time RT-PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of WNV lineage 1 (L1), lineage 2 (L2) and Usutu virus (USUV) were highly satisfactory, especially for L1 and L2, with detection rates of 97.9% and 100%, respectively. For USUV, 75% of the labs reported correct results. More limitations were observed for the generic detection of flaviviruses using conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), since only 46.1% reported correct results in the whole panel. As regards the serological panel, the results were excellent for the generic detection of WNV antibodies. More variability was observed for the specific detection of IgM antibodies with a higher percentage of incorrect results mainly in samples with low titers. This EQA provides a good overview of the WNV (and USUV) diagnostic performance of the involved veterinary labs and demonstrates that the implemented training program was successful in upgrading their diagnostic capacities.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arboviral zoonosis that primarily affects ruminants but can also cause illness in humans. The increasing impact of RVF in Africa and Middle East and the risk of expansion to other areas such as Europe, where competent mosquitos are already established, require the implementation of efficient surveillance programs in animal populations. For that, it is pivotal to regularly assess the performance of existing diagnostic tests and to evaluate the capacity of veterinary labs of endemic and non-endemic countries to detect the infection in an accurate and timely manner. In this context, the animal virology network of the MediLabSecure project organized between October 2016 and March 2017 an external quality assessment (EQA) to evaluate the RVF diagnostic capacities of beneficiary veterinary labs. This EQA was conceived as the last step of a training curriculum that included 2 diagnostic workshops that were organized by INIA-CISA (Spain) in 2015 and 2016. Seventeen veterinary diagnostic labs from 17 countries in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions participated in this EQA. The exercise consisted of two panels of samples for molecular and serological detection of the virus. The laboratories were also provided with positive controls and all the kits and reagents necessary to perform the recommended

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Sığır yetiştiriciliğinin önemli hastalıklarından biri olan yenidoğan buzağı ishalleri virus, bakteri, protozoon gibi birçok enfeksiyöz ajanın yanı sıra çevresel koşullar, bakım ve beslenme gibi etkenlerden de kaynaklanabilmektedir. Viral enfeksiyöz etkenlerin başında sıklıkla Bovine Rotavirus A, Cryptosporidium parvum, Bovine Coronavirus ve E. coli gibi etkenler tespit edilmektedir. Son yıllarda ise hem insanlarda hem de hayvanlarda önemli enfeksiyonlara neden olan Caliciviruslar yenidoğan buzağı ishallerinden sorumlu ajanlar olarak kabul edilmektedir. Caliciviruslardan Norovirus genogrup III ve Nebovirus "Bovine Enteric Caliciviruslar (BEC)" olarak tanımlanmaktadırlar. Bu etkenler günümüzde buzağı ishallerinin rutin teşhisinde yer almamasına karşın yapılan çalışmalar BEC'lerin tek başına ya da diğer enteropatojenler ile birlikte buzağı ishal olgularının gelişmesinde önemli rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu derleme ile Bovine Enteric Calicivirusların yapısal özellikleri ve bu virusların neden olduğu enfeksiyonlara ilişkin detaylı bilgilerin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Picobirnaviruslar (PBV) ilk olarak 1988'de insan ve sıçanların dışkı örneklerinde tespit edilmelerinden bu yana ishalli ya da asemptomatik diğer kara ve deniz memelilerinde, kuşlarda, omurgasızlarda ve ayrıca çevresel su örneklerinde rapor edilmiştir. Buna karşın, köpeklerde, PBV tespiti ve moleküler epidemiyolojisi hakkında sadece birkaç çalışma vardır. Bu çalışmada, klinik olarak ishal semptomu olan ve sağlıklı görünen 0-6 ay yaş arasındaki yavru köpeklere ait toplam 75 adet dışkı örneğinde PBV'lerin tespiti ve moleküler karakterizasyonu hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla örneklere, genogrup I (GGI) PBV'nin RdRp genini hedefleyen primerler kullanılarak RT-PCR uygulanmış ve test edilen örneklerin dört tanesi (%5.33) GGI PBV yönünden pozitif bulunmuştur. Bu örneklerden biri (CB1) ishalli bir köpekten, diğer üç örnek (KB19, KB29, KB30) ise klinik olarak sağlıklı görünümlü köpeklerden elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile ülkemizde ilk defa ishalli ve klinik olarak sağlıklı görünümlü köpeklerde PBV varlığı ve moleküler karakterizasyonu ortaya konulmuştur.

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