Phenological observations record the dynamics of vegetation in relation to meteorological conditions as well as the long-term trends in relation to climate change. We processed 20-year data of the flowering (BBCH scale 60), leaves unfolding (BBCH 11) and ripening of fruits (BBCH 86) of four woody species in south-west and central Slovakia. The phenological year begins with the flowering of the hazel. This phenophase has the largest amplitude of onset (52-65 days) as well as interannual variability (s x = 20.2-33.4%) as it enters an unstable condition in early spring. At all stations, the order of phenophases is the same from the end of April. We found the highest vertical phenology gradient of the BBCH 60 Tilia cordata Mill. (6 days/100 m) and the smallest of BBCH 11 T. cordata (2.4 days/100). The statistically significant trends (p < 0.05) in shifting to the earlier period were in BBCH 60 Crataegus oxyacantha L. (0.4-0.5 days per year), BBCH 86 Corylus avellana L. (0.6 days per year), BBCH 60 Prunus spinosa L. (0.5-0,6 days per year) and BBCH 11 Prunus spinosa L. (0.6-0.7 days per year). These shifts indicate the change in the onset of the phenophases in south-west and central Slovakia.
Lampartová I., Schneider J., Vyskot I., Rajnoch M., Litschmann T.: Impact of protective shelterbelt microclimate characteristics. Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 34, No. 2, p. 101-110, 2015.Evaluation of microclimate characteristics of a protective shelterbelt in Obelisk enclosure in 2010. Vegetation performs indispensable functions in the landscape. Protective shelterbelts are important landscape elements. Individual interventions to these ecosystems should be made with the intention to increase the retention capacity of the landscape, the biodiversity, and the stability of individual landscape elements and the landscape as a whole. This article presents the results of the measuring of the effect of model forest vegetation in the proximity of Obelisk in the Lednice-Valtice area on the microclimate. The protective shelterbelt, declared as a forest stand, is located in the cadastral area of Lednice, Podivín and Rakvice. A set of weather stations, supplied by AMETLitschmann and Suchý Velké Bílovice, was used for the measuring. The stations measured wind velocity (m/s), soil temperature in depths of 5 and 10 cm (°C), air temperature (°C), radiation (W.m -2 ) and precipitation (mm) from January 1 to December 31, 2010. The ImageTool application was used to establish optical porosity, based on photos taken in summer and winter. Optical porosity was established as a ratio of white spots to their total number in a specific section of a photograph. The optical porosity was 5% during the growing season and 23% outside the growing season. These values significantly differ from the optimum values for efficient semi-permeable PS, whose porosity is set to 40-50%.
Snow production results in high volume of snow that is remaining on the low-elevation ski pistes after snowmelt of natural snow on the off-piste sites. The aim of this study was to identify snow/ice depth, snow density, and snow water equivalent of remaining ski piste snowpack to calculate and to compare snow ablation water volume with potential infiltration on the ski piste area at South-Central Slovak ski center Košútka (Inner Western Carpathians; temperate zone). Snow ablation water volume was calculated from manual snow depth and density measurements, which were performed at the end of five winter seasons 2010–2011 to 2015–2016, except for season 2013–2014. The laser diffraction analyzes were carried out to identify soil grain size and subsequently the hydraulic conductivity of soil to calculate the infiltration. The average rate of water movement through soil was seven times as high as five seasons’ average ablation rate of ski piste snowpack; nevertheless, the ski piste area was potentially able to infiltrate only 47% of snow ablation water volume on average. Limitation for infiltration was frozen soil and ice layers below the ski piste snowpack and low snow-free area at the beginning of the studied ablation period.
Presented paper deals with the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from forest fires. The investigation was based on the inventory methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change from the year 2006. We describe the proposal of our methodology for estimating the required biomass for modelling (using the available literature as well as Sibyla growth simulator), and subsequently we describe the modelling process with fuel models (using FCCS model) as well as the resulting greenhouse gas emissions (using FARSITE and CONSUME model) for the selected site called Krompľa -Tri Kopce in the Slovak Paradise National Park in the cadastral area of Hrabušice, in which fire destroyed an area of 80 ha in the year 2000. From the forest typology point of view, following groups of forest types are dominant at the site: Fagetum dealpinum (Limestone beech forests); Fageto-Abietum (Neutrophilous beech forests), Pinetum dealpinum (Carpathian relict calcicolous Scots pine forests), Fagetum typicum (Limestone beech forests), Fageto-Aceretum (Mixed ravine and slope forests). The results indicate that the conceptions differ in the quantification of biomass available for burning, which was underestimated in the case of TIER 1 conception in comparison to TIER 2 and TIER 3, and also in the quantification of emissions. The emissions produced during the flameless burning phase were underestimated, while the CO2 emissions were slightly overestimated when comparing TIER 2 and TIER 3 approaches. The final assessment of the whole process points out at the problematic issues in the calculations of GHG emissions.
Mikloš M., Vyskot I., Šatala T., Korísteková K., Jančo M., Škvarenina J.: Effect of forest ecosystems on the snow water equivalent in relation to aspect and elevation in the Hučava river watershed, Poľana Biosphere Reserve (Slovakia). Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 268-280, 2017.The aim of this work was to assess how forest ecosystems dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) or European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) affect snow water equivalent (SWE) in relation to aspect and elevation. The research plots were established in a small headwater watershed of the Hučava flow belonging to the Poľana Biosphere Reserve (Central Europe, Inner Western Carpathians). The SWE values in this watershed (approximately 580-1270 m a.s.l.) were monitored during the three winter seasons starting from 2012−2013 to 2014−2015. The results revealed high variability in SWE and in snow cover duration between the studied seasons. The spatial variability was significantly affected by the forest ecosystem, aspect and elevation. The seasonal mean SWE value was lower by about 50−60% in the spruce forests and by about 21−30% in the beech forests compared to the open areas (100%). Over the whole seasons, the whole watershed mean SWE value on the slopes with the northern aspect was mostly higher compared to the slopes with the southern aspect. The effect of aspect was significant mainly in the open areas and in the forests dominated by European beech during the ablation periods of every season. In the case of the sufficient snow cover, the mean SWE value always increased with elevation. The elevation gradient of SWE was steepest at the open areas of the watershed in the peaks of the winter seasons. The threeseason mean value of SWE elevation gradient (per 100 m) at the time of snow accumulation peak was equal to 16 mm in the spruce forests, 20 mm in the beech forests and 26 mm in the open areas. The research revealed that SWE is significantly affected by the forest ecosystem whilst its effect is dependent on the occurrence of dominant deciduous or coniferous tree species. However, the effect of forests is closely related to topographic characteristics (aspect and elevation) of a locality.
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