The results of calculations of the main parameters of the soot formation process (t, k f , SY, and r m ) carried out with the use of the detailed kinetic model of soot formation are compared with the experimental measurements of these parameters by the continuous-wave (CW)-laser extinction technique and by the time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) method during C 6 H 6 pyrolysis behind reflected shock waves. The detailed kinetic model of soot formation that is developed incorporates the gas-phase mechanisms of acetylene pyrolysis and the mechanisms of formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polyyne molecules, and pure carbon clusters. It combines the H abstraction=C 2 H 2 addition and polyyne pathways of the soot formation process. The formation, growth, and coagulation of soot precursors and soot particles are described within the framework of the discrete Galerkin technique based on an error-controlled expansion of the size distribution function of heterogeneous species into the orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable (in particular, the number of monomers in the heterogeneous particle) that makes it possible to preserve a discrete character of any elementary transformations of heterogeneous particles and to describe them as elementary chemical reactions for the heterogeneous particles of all sizes. The comparison of the calculations with the experimental measurements of the induction time t, observable rate of soot particle growth, k f , and soot yield SY by the CW-laser extinction method in the pyrolysis of benzene=argon mixtures in shock-tube experiments clearly demonstrates that the coincidence is quantitatively good for all the main parameters of soot formation. A particular difference between the values of the mean soot particle radius r m experimentally measured by the time-resolved LII technique and calculated with the help of the detailed kinetic model is observed at the low and high temperatures. The results presented demonstrate the current level of the predictive capabilities of the detailed kinetic model of soot formation and the reliability of the time-resolved LII technique for the quantitative determination of the soot particle sizes.
Despite the effort done by member states during the last decade, failure in the implementation of the Ambient Air Quality Directive is being continuously registered in many European cities for different air pollutants. One of the biggest concerns in Bulgaria is the exceeded PM10 concentration in the ambient air, measured in all six air quality zones during the winter period. This has induced numerous activities (at the national and European level) focused on the following issues: identification of the level of exceedance of the air quality norms for PM10; the general emission sources; the most prominent omissions and discrepancies in the legislative framework; the level of implementation of the prescribed measures and many others. However, the PM10 exceedance is still of a significant concern in at least 28 municipalities in Bulgaria. Thus, the present work introduces a brief report on the current state of the problem in the country. For that purpose, benchmarking analyses was applied for obtaining the range of discrepancies and the tendencies of the PM10 concentrations, monitored in the ambient air at the affected municipalities. The investigation was carried out using merely officially reported and freely accessible data and covered a relatively short period of time of six years. The latest national and European environmental reports present data confirming the primary role of residential heating and transport during the winter period as well as at the occurrence of particular atmospheric conditions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.