This study examined mother-infant interactions of 12-month-old African-American prenatally cocaine-exposed infants and their mothers. Videotaped observations were made during a free-play dyadic interaction, a brief separation, and a reunion period. Videotapes were coded for maternal and child behaviors during each phase of the procedure. Although there were few differences in interactive behaviors between prenatally cocaine-exposed and nonexposed children and their mothers, children who were prenatally exposed to cocaine ignored their mother's departure (odds ratio [OR] = 3.0, p < .05) during separation significantly more often than nonexposed subjects. In addition, mothers who abused cocaine engaged in significantly more verbal behavior (F(2,104) = 7.00, p < .001) with their children than mothers of nonexposed children. These findings indicate that women who used cocaine during pregnancy may not differ from nonusers in their interactions with their 12-month-old infants.

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Penal System A kind of governance in which the offender is strictly confined for punishment as corrective measure. Public Relations A deliberate attempt to maintain a mutual and beneficial relationship between the prisons and its publics.Reintegration Meaningful or productive absorption of the ex-offender into the larger society after incarceration RecidivismThe act of an offender returning to the prison after being a first timer.

Public service: entails the provision of essential public services via implementation of government programs and policies through the principles of professionalism, ethics, accountability, transparency, and responsibility. Ethics: is a form of selfaccountability, an "inner check" on the conduct, behavior, or action of public administrators and other officials of public service (Farazmand 2002, p. 138). Accountability: therefore means that the administration has to be accountable for the exercise of authority which it possesses (Sharma et al. 2012, p. 954).