Premna serratifolia, commonly known as Arogo in Tentena-Sulawesi, is a popular vegetable. As a promising herbal tea and food ingredient, further investigation is required to find the best knowledge for medicinal use of P. serratifolia leaves. This research investigated the antioxidant activity of the ethanol (EEPS) and water (WEPS) extracts of P. serratifolia leaves, based on their scavenging activities on DPPH radicals and their reducing capacities (CuPRAC, total antioxidant/phosphomolybdenum, and ferric thiocyanate reducing power assays). The DNA-protecting effect by EEPS was tested using pBR322 plasmid DNA against •OH radical-induced damage. The inhibition potentials of both extracts against several enzymes related to metabolic diseases (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, xanthine oxidase, and protease) were evaluated. The phytochemical analysis was conducted by an LC-QTOF-MS/MS technique. EEPS proved to be a better antioxidant and had higher phenolic content compared to WEPS. EEPS demonstrated a protective effect on DNA with recovery percentage linearly correlated with EEPS concentrations. Strong inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase was observed for EEPS; however, EEPS and WEPS showed weak inhibitions on xanthine oxidase and protease. LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis identified seven main components in EEPS, namely scroside E, forsythoside A and forsythoside B, lavandulifolioside, diosmin, nobilin D, campneoside I, and isoacteoside. These components may be responsible for the observed enzymes inhibitions and antioxidant properties. Premna serratifolia leaves can be an appropriate choice for the development of nutraceutical and drug preparations.
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves are rich in nutrients and antioxidant compounds that can be consumed to prevent and overcome malnutrition. The water infusion of its leaf is the easiest way to prepare the herbal drink. So far, no information is available on the antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antivirus capacities of this infusion. This study aimed to determine the composition of the bioactive compounds in M. oleifera leaf infusion, measuring for antioxidant and antimutagenic activity, and evaluating any ability to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The first two objectives were carried out in vitro. The third objective was carried out in silico. The phytochemical analysis of M. oleifera leaf infusion was carried out using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Antioxidant activity was measured as a factor of the presence of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antimutagenicity of M. oleifera leaf powder infusion was measured using the plasmid pBR322 (treated free radical). The interaction between bioactive compounds and Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed via molecular docking. The totals of phenolic compound and flavonoid compound from M. oleifera leaf infusion were 1.780 ± 5.00 µg gallic acid equivalent/g (µg GAE/g) and 322.91 ± 0.98 µg quercetin equivalent/g (µg QE/g), respectively. The five main bioactive compounds involved in the infusion were detected by LC-MS. Three of these were flavonoid glucosides, namely quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside, and kaempferol 3-α-L-dirhamnosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside. The other two compounds were undulatoside A, which belongs to chromone-derived flavonoids, and gentiatibetine, which belongs to alkaloids. The antioxidant activity of M. oleifera leaf infusion was IC50 8.19 ± 0.005 µg/mL, which is stronger than the standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) IC50 11.60 ± 0.30 µg/mL. The infusion has an antimutagenic effect and therefore protects against deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. In silico studies showed that the five main bioactive compounds have an antiviral capacity. There were strong energy bonds between Mpro molecules and gentiatibetine, quercetin, undulatoside A, kaempferol 3-o-neohesperidoside, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside. Their binding energy values are −5.1, −7.5, −7.7, −5.7, and −8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Their antioxidant activity, ability to maintain DNA integrity, and antimutagenic properties were more potent than the positive controls. It can be concluded that leaf infusion of M. oleifera does provide a promising herbal drink with good antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antivirus capacities.
Plants are important source of traditional medicine that can be used to aid many type of illness. Gynura procumbens is one of the plants that are often used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine. Gynura procumbens exhibits antibacterial, anticancer, anti-hyperglycemic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, fertility enhancement, organ protective activity. This review aims to provide an overview on the relatedness of the identified bioactive compounds with the reported biological activities of Gynura procumbens leave and on the herbal therapy with leave of Gynura procumbens. Literature search is carried out with the help of two searching engines: PubMed and Science Direct. The searching was carried out with keyword: Gynura procumbens. From PubMed and Science Direct, 42 and 94 results were obtained respectively. There were 45 full text articles that meet systematic review criteria. The relevant information is compiled to illustrate that leave of Gynura procumbens is a potential natural source of compounds with various pharmacological actions. Polar, semi and nonpolar solvent can be used to extract the bioactive compounds from the leave of Gynura procumbens. The identified bioactive compounds belong to phenolic, flavonoid, coumaric acids, essential oils, carbohydrates and proteins. Most of the extracts show potent antioxidative activity. The bioactivities of the leave extract are associated with many diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, obesity, etc. The herbal therapy with leave of Gynura procumbens can be appropriately applied in oral administration and topical application. Leave of Gynura procumbens is good resource for oral or topical herbal medicine/ingredient.
Introduction: Muntingia calabura is used for many medicinal advantages. So far, limited study has been done for the bioactivities of M.calabura fruit. The study aimed to investigate the enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of M.calabura fruit. Methods: Ethanol extract of M.calabura fruit was tested for its inhibitory enzyme activities against key enzymes linked to human pathologies, such as diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), hyperuricemia (xanthine oxidase), and obesity (lipase). The antioxidant properties were investigated using different in vitro assays (DPPH, CUPRAC, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, metal chelating and DNA-Damage protection assays). The fruit was also evaluated for its antibacterial activity against several gram positive and negative bacteria. Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 10.85 mgGAE/g and 3.30 mg QE/g, respectively. The fruit extract showed good inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase (IC50 16.74 and 46.49 µg/ml, respectively), with activities stronger than acarbose (100.38 and 152.46 µg/ml, respectively). It exhibited weak inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase (IC50 0.91 mg/ml) and lipase (IC50 16.48 mg/ml), weaker than the references used for respective test (IC50 allopurinol 5.31 µg/ml and orlistat 0.17 µg/ml). The extract showed antibacterial activities againts Chromobacterium violaceum, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli. The ethanol extract showed weaker antioxidant activities, when compared to ascorbic acid and BHT. However, the extract was able to protect DNA-damage. Conclusions: The study concludes that M. calabura fruit exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibitory properties, thus can be a good source for pharmacological uses.
develop into permanent cell dysfunction. 10-12 Superoxide radicals in DM cause various damage through multiple pathways, such as Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), polyol pathways, hexosamine pathways and Kinase C proteins. This widespread impairment eventually leads to complications of microvascular disease. 13,14 According to Glamočlija and Jevrić-Čaušević, 15 there are five main classes of oral pharmacological agents to treat type 2 diabetes: sulfonylureas, megglitinides, metformin (a biguanide), thiazolidinediones, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. α-Glucosidase anchored in ABSTRACT Introduction: Guava (P. guajava), bay (S. polyanthum), and soursop (A. muricata) known as natural medicine. Limited report is available on their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion. The aims of this research were to compare the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion from guava, bay, and either as individual or combined infusions, and to analyze the chemical composition of the leaf infusion. Methods: Air dried leaf powder of guava, bay and soursop were infused separately with boiled aquadest. The infusions were analyzed for their antioxidant activity against DPPH. The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was conducted against α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Then the infusions scanned with UV-Vis spectroscopy and analyzed with LC-MS. The synergism activities of the combined infusion were measured. Results: Antioxidant activities of leaf infusions of guava and bay showed a comparable result IC 50 12.53 ± 0.55 and 10.76 ± 0.20 µg GAE/mL, but the infusion of soursop showed lower (IC 50 19.77 ± 0.35 µg GAE/mL) than BHT as positive control (11.6 ± 0.31 µg GAE/mL). If soursop infusion was not added, then the mixture of the guava and bay infusion showed an antioxidative synergistic effect. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the guava, bay and soursop infusion (0.083 ± 0.01; 0.025 ± 0.007; 0.533 ± 0.039 µg GAE/mL, respectively) were stronger than acarbose (1285 ± 148 µg/mL). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the combined infusions showed a synergistic effect. The main constituents of the guava infusion were identified tentatively as chrysin and caffeoylquinic acid, for the bay infusion it was caffeoylquinic, and for the soursop infusion it was luteolin. Conclusions: There is a significant synergism of antioxidant activity of Guava and Bay mixture. The combined infusion of Bay and Soursop or Guava and Soursop showed antagonistic effect.
A B S T R A C TPlants are an important source of traditional medicines that can be used to improvehealth. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has long been recognized to have manybenefits. Cinnamon was used traditionally as a remedy for arthritis, diarrhea, allergiesand ulcers. This literature review aimed to identify the bioactive compounds andbioactivity of cinnamon. Literature searches used PubMed and Google Scholar. A totalof 55 full text articles met the inclusion criteria of the review. The extract or essentialoil of cinnamon contains many bioactive compounds, such as eugenol, cinnamic acid,linalool, β-caryophyllene, coumarin, trans cinnamyl acetate, and 1.8 cineole. Thesecompounds have several bioactivities including anti-cancer, anti-arrhythmia, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-lipidoxidation. Cinnamon extract has an excellent potential as an antioxidant andantidiabetic agent. Its potential and unique taste has contributed to its wide use inherbal remedies.
Background: Eusideroxylonzwageri is an endemic tree in certain areas of Borneo and Sumatra. Limited reports are available for the ethno medical use, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities of its seed. Objective: The present study was focused on the phytochemical constituents of E.zwageri seed extracts, polar (aqueous) and nonpolar (Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate) compounds. Methods: GC-MS and LC-MS techniques were used to establish the phytochemical profiles of the studied extracts. Result: β-Asarone was detected as single dominant component of the ethanol and ethyl acetate seed extract from E.zwageri. The GC-MS result of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts exerted considerable β-Asaron, with 82.44 and 73.05 area % respectively. Additionally, four main flavonoids were found in the aqueous seed extract, namely N-cis-Feruloyltypamine, 3′-O-Methylviolanone and two chromonesN-cis-Feruloyltypaminewas detected mainly in ethanol seed extract, with 148.787 response. 3′-O-Methylviolanone was detected in water and ethyl acetate seed extracts, with 58.178 and 55.730 response respectively. Two chromones were recognized. First, 3-(4'-Hydroxybenzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-chroman-4-one was detected in ethyl acetate extract of the seed with 94.652 response. Second, 6-Hydroxy-2-[2-(4'-methoxyphenyl) ethyl] chromone was detected in ethanol extract of the seed with 31.132 response. Conclusion: Findings from the study tend to support the idea that the seed of E.zwageri can be utilized as effective bio-resources for designing novel health-promoting products or ingredients. Seed of E.zwageri is a resource for α and β Asarone, O-Methylviolanone, Ncis-Feruloyltypamine, 3-(4'-Hydroxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-chroman-4-one, and 6-Hydroxy-2-[2-(4'methoxyphenyl)ethyl] chromone .
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