Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder involving cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, and reproductive systems. Even though the exact etiology is not clear, many studies suggest genetic and environmental factors play a role. Homocysteine (Hcy) is considered to be an independent risk factor for atherogenic and thrombotic components of various systems. Many studies in the past have evaluated Hcy levels in the PCOS population. This article aims to elaborate on the importance of Hcy levels in the overall management of PCOS. We conducted a PubMed data search using combined keywords PCOS and homocysteine levels and manually screened relevant articles for the review while avoiding duplication of data. After the literature review, we analyzed the relationship between homocysteine levels and various components of PCOS. Most of the studies identified a statistically significant elevation in Hcy levels in PCOS women with insulin resistance, androgen excess, elevated markers of cardiovascular risk, recurrent pregnancy loss, and metformin treatment. We also examined studies that focused on treating hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) in PCOS women. However, because of the limited sample sizes and various inclusion criteria used for subjects in the studies, their clinical implication is unclear in routine practice. Furthermore, we encourage clinicians to follow up on Hcy levels in PCOS women at high risk for any complications in their management course. We believe an observational study on a larger scale in a welldefined PCOS population would be useful to uncover the prevalence of elevated Hcy levels in PCOS women, which would help pave the way for establishing treatment guidelines on serum Hcy levels in PCOS management.

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Facing the rise of an aging population and age-related pathologies such as atherosclerosis will continue to be some of the biggest challenges encountering health care. Regardless of considerable advancements in management and prevention to deal with atherosclerosis and other related pathologies. The current guidelines for preventing and managing atherosclerotic diseases are lifestyle changes, blood pressure control, blood glucose control, and lipid control. There has been an increase in pre-clinical studies regarding the effects of sirtuins on atherosclerosis and this review aims to highlight the benefits of sirtuins in atherosclerosis. We did an extensive search using the PubMed database with the medical subject headings (MeSH) keywords “sirtuin'' and “atherosclerosis.” The reviewed literature reported that sirtuins prevent and ameliorate atherosclerosis by halting inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and regulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) inhibit the RELA component of NF-kB, thus suppressing inflammation, SIRT1 inhibits p53 by deacetylation, and the latter stabilize telomeres thus preventing apoptosis and cell death. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) inhibits oxidative stress by driving the production of reduced glutathione. Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) regulates LDL cholesterol by inhibiting pcsk9, increasing LDL receptors on the cell surface of hepatocytes. A combination of these effects of sirtuins in the endothelial cells suggests sirtuins are anti-atherogenic and could revolutionize the standards for the management of atherosclerosis. This article also emphasizes the need for future research on human cells or subjects rather than animal subjects.

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder most prevalent in the Caucasian population, characterized by a functional abnormality of the transmembrane conductance regulator protein that leads to a wide array of complications, including chronic lung infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a frequently acquired microbe in CF patients and is associated with deterioration in pulmonary function and increased mortality. Inhaled anti-infective agents are an established curative therapy for CF airway infections, especially with chronic PA lung disease. Amongst them, aztreonam lysine for inhalation (AZLI) is an aerosolized monobactam antibiotic aztreonam, approved for use in CF patients nearly a decade ago. This literature review aims to explore studies based on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of AZLI use in CF patients with pulmonary infections. We searched for all the relevant articles present in PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Journal of Cystic Fibrosis for our data collection from 2000 to 2020. The use of AZLI has substantially improved lung function, respiratory symptoms, and remarkably reduced sputum PA density in CF patients, thereby improving the patient's overall quality of life. The adverse effects reported were compatible with CF lung disease. Hence, inhalational therapy with AZLI is highly efficacious and safe in the management of chronic airway infections. More clinical trials need to be conducted in the future to assess its long-term clinical benefits and adverse events as well as to explore the role of AZLI in the setting of acute lung infections.