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The increasing demand of routing in the field of communication is the most important subject in ad hoc networks now a days. Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET) is one of the emerging areas that evolved from Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Selecting the best optimal path in any network is a real challenge for a routing protocol. Because the network performance like throughput, Quality of Service (QoS), user experience, response time and other key parameters depend upon the efficiency of the algorithm running inside the routing protocol. The complexity and diversity of the problem is augmented due to dynamic spatial and temporal mobility of FANET nodes. Due to these challenges the performance and efficiency of the routing protocol becomes very critical. This paper presents a novel routing protocol for FANET using modified AntHocNet. Ant colony optimization technique or metaheuristics in general has shown better dependability and performance as compared to other legacy best path selection techniques. Energy stabilizing parameter introduced in this study improves energy efficiency and overall network performance. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol is better than generic Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and other traditional routing protocols utilized in FANET. INDEX TERMS FANET, routing, nature inspired algorithms, ACO.

In this article, a stochastic technique has been developed for the solution of nonlinear Riccati differential equation of fractional order. Feed-forward artificial neural network is employed for accurate mathematical modeling and learning of its weights is made with heuristic computational algorithm based on swarm intelligence. In this scheme, particle swarm optimization is used as a tool for the rapid global search method, and simulating annealing for efficient local search. The scheme is equally capable of solving the integer order or fractional order Riccati differential equations. Comparison of results was made with standard approximate analytic, as well as, stochastic numerical solvers and exact solutions.

In recent years, FANET-related research and development has doubled, due to the increased demands of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in both military and civilian operations. Equipped with more capabilities and unique characteristics, FANET is able to play a vital role in mission-critical applications. However, these distinctive features enforce a series of guidelines to be considered for its efficient deployment. Particularly, the use of FANET for on-time data communication services presents demanding challenges in terms of energy efficiency and quality of service (QoS). Proper use of communication architecture and wireless technology will assist to solve these challenges. Therefore, in this paper, we review different communication architectures, including the existing wireless technologies, in order to provide seamless wireless connectivity. Based on the discussions, we conclude that a multi-layer UAV ad-hoc network is the most suitable architecture for networking a group of heterogeneous UAVs, while Bluetooth 5 (802.15.1) is the most favored option because of its low-cost, low power consumption, and longer transmission range for FANET. However, 802.15.1 has the limitation of a lower data rate as compared to Wi-Fi (802.11). Therefore, we propose a hybrid wireless communication scheme so as to utilize the features of the high data transmission rate of 802.11 and the low-power consumption of 802.15.1. The proposed scheme significantly reduces communication cost and improves the network performance in terms of throughput and delay. Further, simulation results using the Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) further support the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.

Abstract-In this work, we propose a method based