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The aim of this study was to develop a cheap, pH-sensitive enteric coating of aspirin with biocompatible polymers. A novel approach was used to develop enteric coating from chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Solutions of CS and PVA (5 : 1 mol ratio) were mixed and selectively crosslinked with tetraethoxysilane. IR analysis confirmed the presence of the incorporated components and the existence of siloxane linkages between CS and PVA. The crosslinking percentage and thermal stability increased with increasing amount of crosslinker. The response of the developed coating in different media, such as water, pH (nonbuffer and buffer), and ionic media showed hydrogel properties. All hydrogels showed low swelling in acidic and basic pH media, whereas maximum swelling was exhibited at neutral pH. This pH sensitivity of the hydrogel has been exploited as enteric coating for commercial aspirin tablets. The dissolution test of enteric-coated aspirin tablet in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) showed 7.11% aspirin release over a period of 2 h, whereas a sustained release of remaining aspirin (83.25%) was observed in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8). V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 124: [4184][4185][4186][4187][4188][4189][4190][4191][4192] 2012

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Chitosan available from crab shells is usually of high molecular weight which may result in reduced efficiency for its antibacterial activity. One of the techniques for improving chitosan antibacterial efficiency is reducing its molecular weight. The irradiation of chitosan by gamma radiations is considered to be one of the most effective and widely used methods for improving its antibacterial activity. Chitosan obtained from crab shells was irradiated with gamma radiations at different doses, and effects on chitosan were analyzed by molecular weight determination and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Unirradiated and irradiated chitosans were studied for their antibacterial properties against bacterial pathogens, that is, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (SS29), Escherichia coli (SS2, SS9), Proteus mirabilis (SS77), and Staphylococcus aureus (LM15). Studies have shown that irradiation has significantly developed and improved the antibacterial activity of crab shell chitosan. A correlation was found between bacterial metabolites and antibacterial activity by the analysis for 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines and related metabolites of P. aeruginosa (SS29) in the absence and presence of chitosan by liquid chromatography mass spectrometer, exhibiting the suppression of these virulence factors due to chitosan. Antibacterial efficiency of chitosan was found to be molecular weight dependent and applied concentration of the chitosan. The findings suggest on the use of low-molecular weight chitosan as antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical preparations.