The seed orchards (SO) serve possibilities to collect seeds from the selected genotypes or to create artificial population throughout the controlled crossing of the target genotypes. Therefore, the seed material obtained from the clonal and seedling seed orchards offers unique opportunity to improve the genetic value of seeds. Thus, the seed orchards are considered as an important part of the forest seed base being the key object for both modern forestry and forestry research. This paper outlines the forest breeding activities associated with the seed production in the seed orchards in Ukraine over the last 70 years. During this period, the different aspects related to the establishment and management of the seed orchard were studied. In these processes, many failures had occurred, their causes and consequences were described. These main breeding activities were reported considering plain and mountain regions of Ukraine as well as specific aspects of the reproduction of the main forest tree species. As of 2019, the total area of the clonal seed orchards (CSO) reached 1040.3 ha, while seedling seed orchards (SSO) only 273.7 ha. The results of research on the growth, reproductive development, the morphology of the plus trees clones in the SO were generalized. The article on the current problems and challenges for Ukrainian forestry mainly related to forest tree breeding and there was also focus on forest seed industry. For the main forest trees species (Scots pine, English oak and other), targeted breeding programs should be developed. It is relevant to create the genetic bank of the forest seeds.
Abstract. The properties of parent material underlying the soil are important in the development of primary soil classifications and consequently affect stand productivity. This connection was studied in two stages: firstly through a general assessment of soil potencial for forest, and secondly, through determination of physical and chemical soil characteristics. The studies were conducted using those standard methods practiced in Ukraine, such as forest inventory, forest typology and soil analyses.Oak forests growing on sandy clayey soils were found to be more productive than those growing on the soils with a high clay fraction. The difference in stand productivity may be due to a five-to sevenfold reduction in the concentration of exchangeable cations of potassium (K + ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the soil. While the proportion of calcium in the adsorption complex in highly-productive oak stands was 61 %, the proportion of this element in less-productive oak stands was only 17 %.A decrease in the productivity of stands of the I-II class bonitet (expressed in terms of the average height of a stand) is anticipated for those forest stands growing in soils overlying parent rock rich with magnesium (e.g. with a 80% proportion of magnesium).The least productive forest stands were growing on parent material characterised by a high proportion of magnesium Mg 2+ , fivefold lower share of Ca 2+ and sevenfold lower share of K + . The exchangeable cations in the soils of poorly-productive stands are characterised by 1:5 ratio of Ca/Mg ions. This ratio has a negative effect on calcium uptake by woody plants. The optimal ratio of Ca/ Mg ions in the soils for highly productive oak stands is 3:1.
Досліджено процес укорінення та хід росту сортів тополі за типами лісорослинних умов та типами лісу. Всього вивчено 10 сортів тополі, які мали різну продуктивність та енергію росту в умовах їх зростання (дендропарк Харківського національного аграрного університету). Оцінено вплив накопичувача вологи "Теравет-100" на ступінь укорінення та росту сортів тополі. Виявлено вищу здатність до ризогенезу живців у вологуватому чорновільховому сугруді (22 %). У варіантах, де використано "Теравет-100", найвищу приживлюваність встановлено в умовах свіжої грабової діброви. Кращим укоріненням під час використання препарату для накопичення вологи (перевищення контролю на 16-20 %) відрізнялися сорти "новоберлінська", "волосистоплода", "константа", "перспективна" в умовах свіжого груду. Найнижчим рівнем укорінення характеризувалися сорти "версія" та "слава України". Вищою енергією росту відрізнялися сорти в умовах свіжої грабової судіброви. Найвищу продуктивність за інтенсивністю росту у перший рік мали сорти "волосистоплода" та "львівська". Позитивно відреагували на внесення препарату "Теравет-100" сорти "новоберлінська", "перспективна", "волосистоплода". За результатами проведених досліджень установлено, що найперспективнішими є сорти: "львівська", "новоберлінська" та "волосистоплода". Ці сорти в умовах Вінниччини відрізнялися кращою здатністю до укорінення та вищою енергією росту. Ключові слова: ризогенез; сортовипробовування; плантації швидкоростучих порід; типи лісу.
Significant increase of biological stability, timber volume, and economic value of forests is impossible without refinement and improvement of the organization, and implementation of forest seed production on a genetic and breeding basis. It is possible to solve this task by creating and efficiently functioning in situ and ex situ facilities. In Ukraine, the basic principles of plus selection are envisaged, which include the selection and testing progeny of plus trees. The total number of progeny tests in Ukraine is 106 plots, in which 1,079 genotypes of plus trees are presented. Taking into account the total number of plus trees in Ukraine (4,560), only 23.7% was subjected to progeny tests. The largest number of progeny tests are represented by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – 76 plots and a significantly smaller number of plots for English oak (Quercus robur L.) – 21. The corresponding representation of genotypes is for pine – 520, for oak – 365. The area of tree breeding units in Ukraine is very small (0.4–0.6%) of the total forest area in the region. Despite the available areas, the use of in situ and ex situ objects for harvesting seed in Ukraine is low, around 30%. In the central region of Ukraine, the share of in situ and ex situ objects from the total forest area is 0.1–0.5%. On these sites, from 0 to 54% is harvested, which is insufficient. According to the results of the conducted research, it was established that the areas of permanent forest-seed base (in situ and ex situ units) are insignificant and their use is insufficient. Testing of more than 70% of the selected plus trees is required. An important trend is to study the genotype-environment interaction in connection with trends of global climate change.
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