Abstract. In order to achieve nanometer accuracy, metrologists need to identify the sources of error and develop solutions to eradicate or minimize their effects. A stabilized low power dual-frequency laser heterodyne interferometer (ZMI-1000A) designed to measure linear and angular displacement with nominal measurement resolution 1.24 nm and 0.0025 arcsec, respectively, is used to achieve measurement of displacements over different travelling axes by comparison with the electronically reference measurements of the stage over wide range 500 mm. The repeatability and reversal error of linear stage over the working distance have agreed opto-electronically and the positioning uncertainty been reduced. A multivariable framework was implemented for the x-axis due to the cross coupling between the forward and backward course of the linear stage. Thermal error reduction is achieved using environmental temperature control (20 ± 0.2 • C) to help reduce thermal errors.
In order to meet absolute metrology of the displacement in several axes simultaneously, the induced errors due to the fluctuation of atmospheric parameters and Doppler Effect should be investigated. This paper describes method to develop the capability of an optical heterodyne interferometer designed to measure linear and angular displacement with high measurement resolution (1.24nm). Measurements of phase dispersion and Doppler frequency shift over different axes using a stabilized dual-wavelength laser heterodyne interferometer (ZMI-1000A) are reported. However, the principle of this work is based on a study to detect and characterize the induced parameters due to the displacement along different-axis using dual-wavelength laser heterodyne interferometer. Figure 1 shows the phase measurements in two different axes along displacement L.
Landauer’s principle is a fundamental link between thermodynamics and information theory, which implies that the erasure of information comes at an energetic price. In the present contribution we analyze to what extend the usual molecular dynamics (MD) simulation formalism can handle the Landauer’s bound kBT ln 2 in the simplest case of one particle treated classically. The erasure of one bit of information is performed by adiabatically varying the shape of a bistable potential in a full cycle. We will highlight the inadequacy of either the microcanonical or canonical ensemble treatments currently employed in MD simulations and propose potential solutions.
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