It is shown that, in the principal angle method for determining the optical constants of copper, an inflection point occurs in the relation between the angle of incidence, , and the orientation of the major axis of the elliptical state reflected from the metallic surface. This inflection point defines the principal angle of incidence, . In our treatment, the optical system for determining excludes the presence of a quarterwave plate. This has the advantage of avoiding errors in the value of arising from the possible deviation of the plate retardance from at the working wavelength. The principal azimuthal angle is then determined and the optical constants of a copper film at are presented. The effect of using an inexact quarterwave plate on the optical constants is discussed.
The need for high resolution detecting line scale graduations is reached by increasing of the requirements of the calibration system. At NIS, an adapted technique is used to meet high requirements in the line scale graduation measurements. The proposed technique comprises of an automatic moving stage, data storage system, and a magnifying microscope coupled with a digital camera for precise detection of scale edge or centre. In many metrological applications, wavelengths of laser sources are being used as secondary definitions of the meter to serve in the precise measurement using dynamic interferometer. In our technique, displacement measuring interferometer with its optical components are set on the measuring system to display the length scale in terms of He-Ne laser wavelength which increase the efficiency and the accuracy level. The calibration procedure depends on the static mode technique. Both of the geometrical errors and alignment errors are compensated. In the present paper, system description, calibration method, results, and uncertainty are discussed in details.
Industrial applications need regular testing for the lifetime, movement, strength, and performance of manufacturing machines during production process. Since speckle photography is a simple economic technique, it is used in investigating object response under mechanical and thermal effects depending on the movement of the speckle patterns with respect to the deformation strength and direction. In the present work, the cross-correlation technique is used to analyze the speckle patterns by iterative method to define both values and directions of rigid body translation and expansion. In order to check the accuracy of the cross-correlation technique, the results are compared with the displacement values given by analyzing the Young's interference fringes resulted from the Fourier transformation of the speckle patterns. This noncontact technique is found to be accurate and informative depending on the stability and sensitivity of the optical system. This method of measurement is an effective tool in studying the hard cases of objects and machines under various effects.
Holography is an interesting tool in creating real objects and scenes which can be projected anywhere with accurate details and depth impression. It is also found to be more attractive to the artists than other alternatives. For that reason, digital holography is being used as a display technology in cartoon movies. Since this application is dependent on the performance and the simplicity of the available display technology, it becomes very useful to improve the display technique in order to become fast, simple, and attractive by being combined with computer graphical effects. This paper discusses a simulation of a digital holographic model as a three dimensional (3D) display system and its application in making cartoon holography
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