Microalgal biofilm in soils represents an alternative fertilization method for agricultural sustainability. In the present study, greenhouse gas emission, soil ammonia volatilization, and the growth of Pennisetum glaucum were evaluated under the effect of a microalgal biofilm, commercial urea, and a control (without application of a nitrogen source). CH emissions were equal for the three treatments (p>0.05). CO emissions significantly increased in microalgal biofilm treatment (p<0.01), which was also responsible for the highest NO emissions (p<0.01). The ammonia (NNH) volatilization losses were 4.63%, 18.98%, and 0.82% for the microalgal biofilm, urea, and control treatments, respectively. The main differences in soil characteristics were an increase in nitrogen and an increase in cation exchange capacity (p<0.01) caused by the algal biomass application to the soil. The soil organic matter content significantly differed (p<0.05) among the three treatments, with the microalgal biofilm treatment having the greatest increase in soil organic matter. Significant differences were observed for shoot dry matter mass and nitrogen content in the plants from both treatments where nitrogen sources were applied. All treatments differed from each other in leaf dry matter mass, with the urea treatment increasing the most. Chlorella vulgaris was the dominant microalgal specie in the soil.

A crescente preocupação mundial com a produção eficiente de energia e com os recursos hídricos exige desenvolver estratégias que economizem água sem redução da produtividade. Assim, objetivou-se determinar as lâminas de irrigação que resultem na máxima produtividade e uso eficiente de água para duas cultivares de batata-doce. Lâminas equivalentes a 50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), calculadas por meio do software Irriplus, foram aplicadas via gotejamento. A produtividade de raízes tuberosas foi determinada após 187 e 208 dias de cultivo das cultivares de batata-doce Amanda e Duda, respectivamente. A maior produtividade (49,8 t ha-1) de raízes tuberosas pelas plantas da 'Amanda' foi obtida com uma lâmina acumulada de 325,5 mm (95,2% da ETc), enquanto que para 'Duda' a lâmina que proporcionou maior produtividade (67,1 t ha-1) foi de 347,0 mm (100,4% da ETc). A diferença de produtividade entre as cultivares foi de 25,8%, com aumento no consumo de água pela cultivar Duda de 21,5 mm (6,2% maior). Isso indica que 'Duda' apresentou maior eficiência no uso da água. O aumento na lâmina de água aplicada resultou no aumento da eficiência no uso da água (EUA), até atingir um valor máximo de 16,1 kg m-3, com a aplicação de 301,8 mm (87,3% da ETc) para 'Amanda' e de 20,0 kg m-3, com a aplicação de 332,4 mm (96,2% da ETc) para 'Duda'. A produtividade referente à máxima EUA foi de 48,6 t ha-1, com uma economia de 23,7 mm, representando redução de apenas 1,2 t ha-1 na produtividade da cultivar Amanda. Para 'Duda', a produtividade equivalente à máxima EUA foi de 66,3 t ha-1, com uma economia de 14,6 mm e redução de 0,8 t ha-1, quando comparada à produtividade real. As lâminas recomendadas para 'Amanda' e 'Duda', nas condições edafoclimáticas de condução desta pesquisa, foram de 301,8 e 332,4 mm, respectivamente.

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A b s t r a c t. The efficient use of water is increasingly important and proper soil management, within the specificities of each region of the country, allows achieving greater efficiency. The South and Caparaó regions of Espírito Santo, Brazil are characterized by relief of 'hill seas' with differences in the degree of pasture degradation due to sun exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the least limiting water range in Udox soil under degraded pastures with two faces of exposure to the sun and three pedoenvironments. In each pedoenvironment, namely Alegre, Celina, and Café, two areas were selected, one with exposure on the North/West face and the other on the South/ East face. In each of these areas, undisturbed soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm depth to determine the least limiting water range. The exposed face of the pasture that received the highest solar incidence (North/West) presented the lowest values in least limiting water range. The least limiting water range proved to be a physical quality indicator for Udox soil under degraded pastures.

A B S T R A C TThe objective of this study was to analyze the relation between the moisture and the spectral response of the soil to generate prediction models. Samples with different moisture contents were prepared and photographed. The photographs were taken under homogeneous light condition and with previous correction for the white balance of the digital photograph camera. The images were processed for extraction of the median values in the Red, Green and Blue bands of the RGB color space; Hue, Saturation and Value of the HSV color space; and values of the digital numbers of a panchromatic image obtained from the RGB bands. The moisture of the samples was determined with the thermogravimetric method. Regression models were evaluated for each image type: RGB, HSV and panchromatic. It was observed the darkening of the soil with the increase of moisture. For each type of soil, a model with best fit was observed and to use these models for prediction purposes, it is necessary to choose the model with best fit in advance, according to the soil characteristics. Soil moisture estimation as a function of its spectral response by digital image processing proves promising.Uso de imagens digitais para estimar a umidade do solo R E S U M O Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, analisar a relação entre a umidade e a resposta espectral do solo para gerar modelos de predição. Amostras com diferentes umidades foram preparadas e fotografadas. As fotografias foram tomadas em condição de luz homogênea e com correção prévia do balanço de brancos na câmera fotográfica digital. As imagens foram processadas para extração dos valores medianos nas bandas Vermelho, Verde e Azul do espaço de cores RGB; Matiz, Saturação e Valor do espaço de cores HSV; e valores dos números digitais de uma imagem pancromática obtida das bandas RGB. A umidade das amostras foi determinada com o método termogravimétrico. Modelos de regressão foram avaliados para cada tipo de imagem: RGB, HSV e pancromática. Observou-se o escurecimento do solo com aumento da umidade. Para cada tipo de solo houve um modelo com melhor ajuste. Para que modelos de predição possam ser utilizados é necessário escolher previamente o melhor modelo em função das características do solo. A estimativa da umidade do solo em função de sua resposta espectral por meio do processamento de imagens digitais mostra-se promissora. Key words:soil color image processing RGB HSV Palavras-chave: cor do solo processamento de imagens RGB HSV

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Least limiting water range and critical density of a cohesive Yellow Oxisol under different land uses in the Tabuleiro Costeiro ecosystemThe impacts of the use and management on soil physical quality have been quantified using the least limiting water range and the critical density of the soil. The critical soil bulk density obtained by the least limiting water range (LLWR) assists in making decisions on the management conditions adopted or to be adopted in certain soil. This study aimed to determine the LLWR and the critical soil bulk density of a cohesive Oxisoil from Tabuleiros Costeiros of Reconcavo da Bahia subjected to different uses and soil management. We selected three areas on typical cohesive soil, subjected to the following uses and management: native forest (Mata Atlântica), Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, in a state of degradation, and sugar cane, with subsoiling at planting. In each area, 40 samples were taken with undisturbed structure in the central portion of each horizon (A and AB). In the area cultivated with sugarcane, the sample collection was done in the rows. The LLWR in the A horizon of the forest and the sugar cane were similar and both were greater than the pasture on the horizon AB. The LLWR for cane sugar was higher than the forest and this was higher than the pasture. Horizons A and Ap presented higher critical density values than AB for all evaluated uses. The use that showed values of bulk density greater than the critical density was pasture.