The objective of this work was to characterize the properties of a synthetic biomaterial composite with nanoparticles size (Blue Bone). This biomaterial is a composite recommended for dental and orthopedic grafting surgery, for guided bone regeneration, including maxillary sinus lift, fresh alveolus filling, and treatment of furcation lesions. The nano biomaterials surface area is from 30% to 50% higher than those with micro dimensions. Another advantage is that the alloplastic biomaterial has homogeneous properties due to the complete manufacturing control. The analyzed biomaterial composite was characterized by XRD, cytochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, porosimetry and in vivo experiments (animals). The results showed that the analyzed biomaterial composite has 78.76% hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] with monoclinic structure, 21.03% β-tricalcium phosphate [β -Ca3(PO4)2] with trigonal structure and 0.19% of CaO with cubic structure, nanoparticles with homogeneous shapes, and nanoporosity. The in vivo experiments showed that the composite has null cytotoxicity, and the site of insertion biomaterials has a high level of vascularization and bone formation. The conclusion is that the synthetic biomaterial with Blue Bone designation presents characteristics suitable for use in grafting surgery applications.

Nowadays, we can observe a worldwide trend towards the development of synthetic biomaterials. Several studies have been conducted to better understand the cellular mechanisms involved in the processes of inflammation and bone healing related to living tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate tissue behaviors of two different types of biomaterials: synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate composite and bone xenograft in sub-critical bone defects in rat calvaria. Twenty-four rats underwent experimental surgery in which two 3 mm defects in each cavity were tested. Rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 used xenogen hydroxyapatite (Bio Oss™); Group 2 used synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (Blue Bone™). Sixty days after surgery, calvaria bone defects were filled with biomaterial, animals were euthanized, and tissues were stained with Masson’s trichrome and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) techniques, immune-labeled with anti-TNF-α and anti-MMP-9, and electron microscopy analyses were also performed. Histomorphometric analysis indicated a greater presence of protein matrix in Group 2, in addition to higher levels of TNF-α and MMP-9. Ultrastructural analysis showed that biomaterial fibroblasts were associated with the tissue regeneration stage. Paired statistical data indicated that Blue Bone™ can improve bone formation/remodeling when compared to biomaterials of xenogenous origin.

Background: Synthetic biomaterials have played an increasingly prominent role in the substitution of naturally derived biomaterials in current surgery practice. In vitro and in vivo characterization studies of new synthetic biomaterials are essential to analyze their physicochemical properties and the underlying mechanisms associated with the modulation of the inflammatory process and bone healing. Purpose: This study compares the in vivo tissue behavior of a synthetic biomaterial nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture) and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) in a rat calvarial defect model. The innovation of this work is in the comparative analysis of the effect of new synthetic and commercially xenogenic biomaterials on the inflammatory response, bone matrix gain, and stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Methods: Both biomaterials were inserted in rat defects. The animals were divided into three groups, in which calvarial defects were filled with xenogenic biomaterials (group 1) and synthetic biomaterials (group 2), or left unfilled (group 3, controls). Sixty days after calvarial bone defects filled with biomaterials, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson's trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and electron microscopy analyses were conducted. Results: Histomorphometric analysis revealed powerful effects such as a higher amount of proteinaceous matrix and higher levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 in bone defects treated with alloplastic nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture than xenogenicxenogic biomaterial, as well as collagen-proteinaceous material in association with hydroxyapatite crystalloids. Conclusion:These data indicate that the synthetic nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture enhanced bone formation/remodeling in rat calvarial bone defects. The nano-HA/ß-TCP did not present risks of cross-infection/disease transmission. The synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate mixture presented adequate properties for guided bone regeneration and guided tissue regeneration for dental surgical procedures.

Dental implant treatment requires an available bone volume in the implantation site to ensure the implant’s mechanical stability. When the bone volume is insufficient, one must resort to surgical means such as guided bone regeneration (GBR). In GBR surgery, bone grafts and membranes are used. The objective of this work is to manufacture and characterize the in vitro and in vivo properties of resorbable collagen type I membranes (Green Membrane®) for GBR. Membrane surface morphology was characterized by SEM and roughness was measured using an interferometric noncontact 3D system. In vivo skin sensitization and toxicity tests have been performed on Wistar rats. Bone defects were prepared in 24 adult male rats, filled with biomaterials (Blue Bone® and Bio Oss®) and covered with collagen membranes to maintain the mechanical stability of the site for bone regeneration. The incisions were closed with simple stitches; and 60 days after the surgery, the animals were euthanized. Results showed that the analyzed membrane was homogeneous, with collagen fiber webs and open pores. It had no sign of cytotoxicity and the cells at the insertion site showed no bone morphological changes. There was no tissue reaction and no statistical difference between Blue Bone® and Bio Oss® groups. The proposed membrane has no cytotoxicity and displays a biocompatibility profile that makes it suitable for GBR.

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In this work, in vitro testing was used to study the properties of non-crosslinked type 1 bovine derived collagen membranes used in bone regeneration surgery. Collagen membranes were prepared, their surface roughness was quantified by interferometry, their morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), their wettability was measured by the contact angle technique, their mechanical properties were investigated by tensile testing, their phase transformation temperatures were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and their biocompatibility was evaluated by immunological testing. The calorimetry tests showed that the membrane is formed only by type 1 collagen. The SEM observations showed that the morphology consists of layers of highly organized collagen fibers and patterns of striated fibrils typical of type 1 collagen. The small contact angle showed that the membrane is hydrophilic, with the possibility of rapid absorption of body fluids. The tensile tests showed that the membrane has enough elasticity, ductility, and mechanical strength for use in tissue regeneration. With the immunostaining technique, it was possible to confirm the membrane biocompatibility.

Bone defects are a challenging clinical situation, and the development of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials is a prolific research field that, in addition, can be joined by stem cells and growth factors in order to deal with the problem. This study compares the use of synthetic hydroxyapatite and xenograft, used pure or enriched with bone marrow mononuclear fraction for the regeneration of critical size bone defects in rat calvaria through histomorphometric (Masson’s staining) and immunohistochemical (anti-VEGF, anti-osteopontin) analysis. Forty young adult male rats were divided into five groups (n = 8). Animals were submitted to critical size bone defects (Ø = 8 mm) in the temporoparietal region. In the control group, there was no biomaterial placement in the critical bone defects; in group 1, it was filled with synthetic hydroxyapatite; in group 2, it was filled with xenograft; in group 3, it was filled with synthetic hydroxyapatite, enriched with bone marrow mononuclear fraction (BMMF), and in group 4 it was filled with xenograft, enriched with BMMF. After eight weeks, all groups were euthanized, and histological section images were captured and analyzed. Data analysis showed that in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 (received biomaterials and biomaterials plus BMMF), a significant enhancement in new bone matrix formation was observed in relation to the control group. However, BMMF-enriched groups did not differ from hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials-only groups. Therefore, in this experimental model, BMMF did not enhance hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials’ potential to induce bone matrix and related mediators.

The osseointegration process between the host’s bone tissue and the titanium implant is the key to success of implantology. The literature highlights the high success rate of osseointegrated implants, which is above 90%, and warns that some failures may occur, and every professional may face some inevitable failure. A longitudinal study was designed to evaluate the success rate of osseointegrated implants by taking into account the early failure of osseointegration. The study’s population included a convenience sample of all patients attending in four municipalities in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, belonging to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and those who underwent implant placements between November 2015 and November 2018 and were followed-up until March 2020. Data were extracted from the National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES), a database that contains data on all Brazilian health institutions. Of the total placed implants, 1.88% failed before prosthetic rehabilitation, corresponding to a success rate of 98.12%. The success and failure rates by anatomical region were also evaluated, which revealed, respectively, the values for the anterior maxilla (95.52% and 4.48%), posterior maxilla (97.53% and 2.47%), anterior mandible (97.13% and 2.87%), and posterior mandible (98.90% and 1.10%). We conclude that the posterior mandible performed better than the other bone types and anatomical regions. The anterior region of the maxilla was the one that presented the worst performance. Moreover, when compared, the posterior maxilla performed similarly to the anterior mandible and better than the anterior maxilla.