Natural forest management and conservation projects such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and enhancing forest carbon stocks (REDD+) face many challenges in the field. Implementation of these projects depends on such factors as clarity of information among stakeholders, legal security of territories, and local decision-making power. These challenges have been previously identified in the Upper Bayano watershed of eastern Panama, where a long history of land cover and land-use conflicts is present between three different human groups. With a long-term objective of natural forest conservation, this study aims to develop and test participatory approaches (participatory mapping and participatory 3D modelling) for the Upper Bayano watershed in an attempt to create a consensus among all stakeholders on current land cover and land-use conflicts to overcome challenges faced by projects as REDD+. We found that the third dimension allows a common understanding over the landscape, creates a common ground discussion, and leads towards a consensus, while the participatory approach brings discussion and positive effects among the stakeholders and the bridging institutions bring equity and transparency. Finally, we discuss implications of this knowledge generation and common agreement over the landscape for future forest management projects such as REDD+'s implementation.
Resumen. En el presente estudio se lleva a cabo un análisis pormenorizado de la importancia que tiene, en los momentos actuales, la protección del Medio Ambiente de los distintos "riesgos, peligros, impactos y desastres". Y, es que, el medio ambiente que nos rodea ha de ser valorado, conservado y protegido mediante eficaces y eficientes medidas de preservación, de modo que se no solo sirva para obtener crecimiento meramente económico, sino que se integre en los propios modelos de desarrollo, permitiendo generar un entorno ambiental y ecológico justo, equitativo y, sobre todo, de calidad, para el conjunto de la ciudadanía. Palabras clave: Riesgos; medioambiente; desarrollo; crecimiento; sociedad del riesgo.[en] An approximation to the theoretical framework of risks Abstract. In the present study a detailed analysis is carried out of the importance it has, in the present moments, the importance of the protection of the Environment of the different "risks, dangers, impacts and disasters". And, is that, the environment that surrounds us must be valued, conserved and protected through effective and efficient preservation measures, so that it not only serves to obtain merely economic growth, but also is integrated into the development models themselves, allowing the generation of an environmental and it is integrated into the development models themselves, allowing the generation of a fair, equitable environmental and ecological environment and, above all, quality, for the whole citizenry.
ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children.DesignOverview of systematic reviews (SRs).ParticipantsChildren aged 12 years and under with ASD.Search methodsIn October 2021, we searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Epistemonikos placing no restrictions on language or date of publication.Interventions17 non-pharmacological interventions compared with placebo, no-treatment (including waiting list) or other interventions (ie, usual care, as defined by the authors of each study).Data collection and analysisWe rated the methodological quality of the included SRs using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2). We reported the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) certainty of the evidence (CoE) according to the analysis conducted by the authors of the included SRs.Main outcome measuresA multidisciplinary group of experts agreed on analysing nine critical outcomes evolving core and non-core ASD symptoms.Public and patient involvement statementOrganisations of parents of children with ASD participated in external revision of the final version of the report.ResultsWe identified 52 reports that were within our scope, of which 48 were excluded for various reasons. After excluding less reliable SRs, we included four SRs. Non-pharmacological interventions (ie, Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention, Applied Behaviour Analysis, Picture Exchange Communication System and Naturalistic Developmental Behavioural Interventions) may have favourable effects on some core outcomes including language, social and functioning, play or daily living skills in children with ASD (with either no GRADE assessment, very low or low CoE). In addition, we identified a lack of report for other key outcomes in the included SRs (ie, restricted, repetitive behaviour; play and sensory processing).ConclusionsSynthesised evidence regarding the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for children with ASD is scarce. High-quality SRs addressing the variety of both non-pharmacological interventions and relevant outcomes are needed.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020206535.
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