Molecular analysis of parapoxvirus envelope genes was performed. Parapoxvirus DNA was
detected in eight calves from eight farms in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, between April and
September 2010. Seven of the detected viruses were identified as bovine papular stomatitis
virus (BPSV) by sequencing, because their nucleotide identity was more than 96.8% similar
compared with BPSV strain V660. Among them, two formed a subgroup, because their amplicons
were digested with Xmn I (a marker for BPSV) and Hinc II
and exhibited a T61C nucleotide substitution in the sequenced region. The remaining virus
was pseudocowpox virus that had not been reported previously in Japan. Our results
demonstrate the presence of a new BPSV variant in Japan with genetic variability in the
envelope gene.
cDNA corresponding to the genomic segment 6 of avian rotavirus strain PO-13, which has group A common and subgroup I antigens, but does not hybridize in Northern blots with RNA probes from group A mammalian rotaviruses, was cloned and sequenced. When the deduced amino acid sequence was compared between strain PO-13 and eight group A mammalian rotaviruses, the extent of homology ranged from 73-75%. An alignment of the amino acid sequences allowed us to identify three amino acids (Positions 120, 317 and 350) that may contribute to determining the subgroup epitopes. A phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of nucleotide substitutions in the VP6 gene of nine rotaviruses strongly suggests that the avian rotavirus is an ancestral prototype of mammalian rotaviruses.
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