A greenhouse experiment was conducted on a calcareous chernozem soil to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization and their ratios on the yield and quality of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Four levels of N [0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g pot 21 N as ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) and ammonium phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 )] in combination with three levels of applied N-S ratios [8, 4, 2; S as potassium sulfate (K 2 SO 4 ) and sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO 4 )] were tested as treatments.Results indicated that a significant response to seed yield was observed for N and S application. Maximum yield, 24.8 g pot 21 , was found when full doses of N and S were applied. Increasing N supply from 0.5 g pot 21 to 1 g pot 21 had little increasing effect in the oil content of the seed. Higher application of N doses (.1 g pot 21 ) decreased these values significantly. The maximum oil content (28%) was achieved with the 1 g N pot 21 treatment; the lowest values were observed in the pots applied with the highest N doses.Changes in the N content of the seed and straw showed a statistically significant increase with increasing N and S fertilization. Highest values in the seed and straw (5.96% and 0.87%, respectively) were observed by applying highest N and S doses. Seed and straw S levels were also observed to increase with increasing N rates and decreasing N-S ratio. 453Nitrogen doses significantly improved the quantities of essential amino acids with the exception of threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine. The amounts of these amino acids decreased with increasing N supply. When the N-S ratio decreased by increasing S, the quantities of valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, and cysteine increased significantly and the amount of tyrosine decreased.The quantities of nonessential amino acids with the exception of proline, histidine, and glycine increased with increasing N doses. In contrast, N rates decreased the amount of glycine. Decreasing the N-S ratio lowered the proline and arginine contents. The total amounts of essential amino acids slightly increased with increasing N rates and decreasing N-S ratio.
Cultivating the top 0-25 cm soil layer by ploughing cultivating method requires considerable energy, labor, and additional costs. Also, the larger soil surface caused by cultivation, the moisture content of soil can be lost easier. Therefore, in recent years soil loosening cultivation has become gained popularity, particularly to protect the moisture content of soil and reduce the risk of desertification. At the Experimental Station of Debrecen University, known as Látókép (a name, which corresponds approximately to visual image), two cultivation methods have been applied for research: (i) conventional ploughing and (ii) strip and streaked loosening cultivation methods (and variation of this method applying satellite determination of position, RTK system). In this paper, total number of bacteria, soil respiration, biomass carbon and nitrogen, net nitrification, and dehydrogenase activity were measured under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effects of the various cultivation methods. Soil samples were collected in spring (May) and autumn (September). Microbiological effects on the soil resulted from various cultivation methods were compared. Results demonstrate that the loosening cultivation method (strip tillage with loosening) exerts a more favorable effect on the parameters of soil biological activity than the conventional ploughing system. The most significant effect of loosening cultivation system was experienced in the increase of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) by over 80%, along with an intensified dehydrogenase activity. Loosening system yielded positive effects on the other examined biological parameters, except for the total bacteria number and soil respiration.
Although knowledge on glycan biosynthesis and processing is continuously maturing, there are still a limited number of studies that examine biological functions of N‐glycan structures in plants, which remain virtually unknown. Here, the statistical correlation between nutrient (nitrogen) deficiency symptoms of crops and changes in 8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (APTS)‐labeled complex type free oligosaccharides is reported. While deficiency symptoms are predicted by multispectral images and Kjeldahl digestion, APTS‐labeled complex type free oligosaccharides are identified by their glucose unit (GU) values in tomato xylem sap, using capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection (CE‐LIF). Given the limited number of structures obtained from plants, archived in the literature, in the future, it is intended to create an open access database of promising indicators, namely, glycan structures that are presumably responsible for the nutrient deficiency caused stress in plants (http://glycoplants.org).
Influence of a three-year-long foliar fertilization on mineral composition of leaf, content of sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose and sucrose) and organic acids (citric, malic and fumaric acid) of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruits was studied. The experiment was conducted during 2005-2007 in West Hungary on mature cv. `Germersdorfi 3' grafted on Prunus mahaleb rootstock, planted in 1999. Trees spaced 7 x 5 m, and growing in a calcareous chernozem soil. Trees were foliar-fertilized with potassium (K) as KNO3 and calcium (Ca) as Ca(NO3)2. Potassium spraying was carried out 3 (K1) and 5 (K2) while calcium was applied at 3 (Ca 1), 5 (Ca2) and 6 (Ca3) weeks after full bloom. Beside fruit analysis, complete soil and leaf analysis were done to study the rate of nutrient uptake and its effects on fruit quality. Contents of nutrients of soil and leaf were determined by atomic absorption and spectrophotometric method, while sugars and organic acids in fruit were determined by HPLC. The applied treatments (except K1) had been increasing leaf K significantly compared to the control till ripening. Most of treatments had no significant effect on Ca content of leaf till ripening. From applied treatments only the boron treatments had significant increasing effect on contents of all examined sugars, compared the control. Furthermore, the effect of calcium spraying on the contents of organic acids was significant.
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